Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Essay Example

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Paper Students should realize that different organizations place different values on customer waiting time. Ask students to consider different scenarios, from a drive-through restaurant to a doctors office to a registration line in their college or motor vehicle office. It becomes clear that organizations place different values on their customers time (with most colleges and Dams unfortunately placing minimal cost on waiting time). Teaching Suggestion 14. 3: use of Poisson and Exponential Probability Distributions to Describe Arrival and Service Rates. These two distributions are very common in basic models, but students should not take their appropriateness for granted. As a project, ask students to visit a bank or drive-through restaurant ND time arrivals to see if they indeed are Poisson distributed. Note that other distributions (such as exponential, normal, or Erelong) are often more valid. Teaching Suggestion 14. 4: Balking and Reneging Assumptions, Note that most queuing models assume that balking and reneging are not permitted. Since we know they do occur in supermarkets, what can be done? This is one of many places to prepare students for the need for simulation, the topic of the next chapter. Teaching Suggestion 14. 5: use of Queuing Software The Excel KM and KM for Windows queuing software modules are among the easiest models n the program to use since there are so few inputs. Yet students should be reminded of how long it would take to produce the programs in Chapter 14 by hand. Teaching Suggestion 14. 6: Importance Of LLC and Was in Economic Analysis. Although many parameters are computed for a queuing study, the two most important ones are LLC and Was when it comes to an actual cost analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Teaching Suggestion 14. 7: Teaching the New England Foundry Case. Here is a tip for this very teachable case. About half the students who tackle the case forget that time walking to the counter must be noted and that the return time also needs to be added. ALTERNATIVE EXAMPLES Alternative Example 14. 1: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by one employee. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people Will arrive at the desk at the rate of 20 per hour. It takes an average of 2 minutes to answer a question. It is assumed that arrivals are Poisson and answer times are exponentially distributed. A. Find the probability that the employee is idle. B. Find the proportion of the time that the employee is busy. C. Find the average number of people receiving and waiting to receive information. D. Find the average number f people waiting in line to get information. E. Find the average time a person seeking information spends at the desk. F. Find the expected time a person spends just waiting in line to have a question answered. ANSWER: a. B. C. L 20/hour 1 0. 6 20 30 20 1 2030 30/hour . 33 33% 2 people q (1 (20)2 1. 33 people ) 3030 20) 1 0. 1 hour 30 20 Wq 20 30130 20) 0. 0667 hours Alternative Example 14. 2: In Alternative Example 14. 1 the information desk employee earns $5/hour. The cost of waiting time, in terms of customer unhappiness with the mall, is 512/hour of time spent waiting in line. Vind the total expected costs over an 8hour day. . The average person waits 0. 0667 hour and there are 160 arrivals per day. So total waiting time (1 10. 67 hours @ $12/hour, implying a waiting cost of $128/day. b. The salary cost is $40/day. C. Total costs are $128 $40 $168/day. 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 218 CHAPTER 14 WAITING LINE AND QUEUING THEORY MODELS Alternative Example 14. 3: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by two employees. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people will arrive at the desk distributed. A. Find the proportion of the time that the employees are idle. B. Find he average number Of people waiting in the system. C. Pin the expected time 3 person spends waiting in the system. ANSWER: (servers). A. P 20/hour, 30/hour, M 2 open channels SOLUTIONS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 14-1. The waiting line problem concerns the question of finding the ideal level of service that an organization should provide. The three components of a queuing system are arrivals, waiting line, and service facility. 14-2, The seven underlying assumptions are: 1. Arrivals are FIFO. 2. There is no balking or reneging. 3. Arrivals are independent. 4 Arrivals are Poisson. 5. Service times are independent. . Service times are negative exponential. 7. Average service rate exceeds average arrival rate, 14-3, The seven operating characteristics are: 1. Average number to customers in the system (L) 2. Average time spent in the system (W) 3, Average number in the queue (LLC) 4. Average time in the queue (Was) 5. Utilization factor ( ) 6. Percent idle time (Pop) 7. Probability there are more than K customers in the system 1 (20 10! Icily 123 911 J 1312 II (6020) J b. / 3012 (1 2012 12 J 20 30 (J 1, 600121 L 3/ 420 23 112 812 912 3 people p 4 144. If the service rate is not greater than the arrival rate, an infinite queue will eventually build up. 4-5. First-in, first-out (FIFO) is often not applicable. Some examples are (I) hospital emergency rooms, (2) an elevator, (3) an airplane trip, (4) a small store where the shopkeeper serves whoever can get his or her attention first, (5) a computer system set to accept priority runs, (6) a college registration system that allows juniors and seniors to register ahead of freshmen and sophomores, (7) a restaurant that may seat a party Of 2 before a party Of 4 even though the latter group arrived earlier, (8) a garage that repairs cars with minor problems before it works on major overhauls. 4-6. Examples Of finite ensuing situations include (1) a firm that has only 3 or 4 machines that need servicing, (2) a small airport at which only 10 or 15 flights land each day, (3) a classroom that seats only 30 students for class, (4) a physician who has a limited number of patients, and (5) a hospital ward with only 20 patients who need care. 14-7. A. Barbershop: usually a single-channel, multiplicities system (if there is more than one barber). Arrivals Waiting line Service customers wanting haircuts seated customers who informally recognize who arrived first among them haircut, style, shampoo, and so forth: it service involves barber, then shampooing, hen manicurist, it becomes a multiphase system 3 her. 80 0. 0375 Alternative Example 14. 4: Three students arrive per minute at a coffee machine that dispenses exactly 4 cups/minute at a constant rate. Describe the operating system parameters. ANSWER: 3/millet 2 4/minute 9 4 3) was 1. 125 people in queue on average 3 0. 375 minutes in the queue waiting alls 1. 254 1. 87 people in the system 1 1 WA _375 4 0. 625 minutes in the system 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 219 b. Car wash: usually either a single-channel, single-server system, or else a system with each service bay having its own queue. Arrivals Waiting time Service arty cars or trucks cars in one line (or more lines if there are service parallel wash systems); always FIFO either multiphase (if car first vacuumed, then soaped, then sent through automatic cleaner, then dried by hand) or single-phase if all automatic or performed by one person 14-8. The vitiating time cost should be based on time in the queue in situations where the customer does not mind how long it takes to complete service once the service starts. The classic example of this is waiting in line for an amusement park ride. Waiting time cost should be based on the time in the system when the entire time is important to the customer. When a computer or an automobile is taken into the shop to be repaired, the customer is Without use Of the item until the service is finished. In such a situation, the time in the system is the relevant time. 4-9. The use Of Poisson to describe arrivals: a. Cafeteria: probably not. Most people arrive in groups and eat at the same time. B. Barbershop: probably acceptable, especially on a weekend, in which case people arrive at the same rate all day long. C. Hardware store: okay. D. Dentists office: usually not. Patients are most likely scheduled at IS. To 30. Minute intervals and do not arrive randomly. , College class: number of students come in groups at the beginning of class period; very few arrive during the class or very early before class. F. Movie theater: probably not if only one movie is shown (if there are four or more auditoriums each playing a different movie simultaneously, it may be okay). Patrons all tend to arrive in batches S to 20 minutes before a show, c. Laundromat: basically a single-channel, multiplexer, two-phase system. Arrivals Waiting line Service customers with dirty clothes usually first-come, first-served in terms of selecting an available machine first phase consists of washing clothes n washing machines; second-phase is again queuing for the first available drying machine d.

The Lightning Thief and References to Greek Mythology

'The Lightning Thief' and References to Greek Mythology Rick Riordans The Lightning Thief (the first volume of Riordans Percy Jackson and the Olympians series) mentions many names familiar from Greek mythology. Here youll find further information on the explicit mythological references and some more subtle mythological allusions. The order of the list below attempts to follow the sequence of mentions in the book as well as Riordans other references to Greek mythology. The Book Series The Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series consist of five books by author Rick Riordan. The first book, The Lightning Thief, focuses on Percy Jackson, who is about to get kicked out of boarding school for the second time. Mythological monsters and gods are after him and he only has ten days to rectify what they want from him.  In the second book, The Sea of Monsters, Percy finds trouble at Camp Half-Blood where mythological monsters are back. In order to save the camp and keep it from being destroyed, Percy needs to gather his friends.   The third book,  The Titans Curse, has Percy and his friends looking to see what happened to the goddess Artemis, who went missing and is believed to have been kidnapped.  They need to solve the mystery and save Artemis before the winter solstice. In the fourth book, The Battle of the Labyrinth, the war between the Olympians and Titan lord Kronos grows stronger as Camp Half-Blood becomes more vulnerable. Percy and his friends have to go on a quest in this adventure. In the fifth and final installment of the series, The Last Olympian  focuses on the half-bloods preparing for the war against the Titans. Knowing it is an uphill battle, the thrill is strong to see who will reign more powerful. About the Author Rick Riordan is most known for the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series but has also written the Kane Chronicles and the Heroes of Olympus. He is a #1 New York Times bestselling author and has won multiple awards for the mystery series for adults known as Tres Navarre. Mythological References KronosTitansZeus/JupiterTitanomachyFatesHadesMinotaurHerculesChironPegasusHeraApolloNymphsDionysusAphrodite/VenusPrometheusCentaurUnderworldHermesAresOracleNaiadsAthenaDemeterPoseidonLaurelHephaestusArtemisCerberusNemesisCyclopsTrojan WarCirceHydraPythonMaiaJasonMt. EtnaIliadGolden AgeGorgonsPanShower of GoldNemean LionZephyrChimeraIrisCupidArachneArachneAresArtemisAphrodite/VenusApolloAsphodel FieldsAthenaCentaurCerberusCharonChimeraChironCirceCupidCyclopsDemeterDionysusElysian FieldsEtnaFatesGolden AgeGorgonsHeraHadesHarpiesHeraHephaestusHerculesHermesHydraIliadIrisJasonJupiter/ZeusKronosLaurelLotusOracleMaiaMinotaur9 MusesMt. EtnaNaiadsNemean LionNemesisNereidNymphsPanPegasusPersephonePoseidonPrometheusPythonShower of GoldSisyphusTitanomachyTitansTrojan WarUnderworldUnderworld Judges - MinosVenus/AphroditeZephyrZeus/JupiterLotusNereidCharonAsphodel FieldsElysian FieldsDemeter9 MusesHarpiesAndromedaAntaeusBulls of ColchisCadmusCalypsoDryadsEurytionGanymedeGeryonGraeaeJanusLaistrygo nians Mt. OthrysPeleusPolyphemus

How Americas youth is being negativley influenced and brainwashed by Research Paper

How Americas youth is being negativley influenced and brainwashed by modern media (television,radio - Research Paper Example The globalization of media around the world has presented a lot of opportunities for young people and to assimilate a lot of information about things that is happening both within their community as well as the world over. The modern media is playing a huge role in shaping the personality of young people. However, the quality of programs has declined sharply over the years as today’s media depicts increased violent and sexual content which is being considered to have harmful effects on the minds of growing children (Gigli). The increasing access to satellite television and the internet to young children have raised serious concerns among parents, physicians and educators as media has taken up their role in shaping the mind and body of the growing youth. Media is now increasingly playing the role of educators and have become primary sources of information to youth. A recent survey in the US revealed that on an average youth spend about 8 hours using various forms of media inclu ding the television, internet, movies, radio, video games and cell phones. Among these interactive media video games and the internet could have both positive and negative impacts on youth. Viewing programs with violent and sexual content can have damaging consequences on their minds and profoundly impact their personality. Children engaging in virtual video games with violent content could have more serious consequences compared to that of passive media watching (Impact of Media and Technology on Youth). Physicians have also raised concerns about the profound negative impact of modern media on today’s youth. There is concrete evidence which supports a relationship between watching violence in media and increasing violent behavior among children and youth. Apart from which physicians are also concerned about another disturbing issue of childhood obesity and have attributed

Lean Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lean Manufacturing - Essay Example Current process The present procedure is one with an 8 hour shift for 20 days in a month, with both Fridays and Saturdays observed as off-days. The details of the 11 current operations being run can be seen in figure 1. Initially the present VSM or Value Stream Mapping has been developed. VSM is basically is a method to understand the dense relationship between each of the operations. It depicts time elapsed, non-conformance number, inventory and the flow of information between operations. The following advantages of VMS have been elaborated by Tapping, et al. (2002): a) Envision all of the flow of information and material used. b) Envision the relationship between operations and production control. c) Point out the waste sources in the system. d) Identify bottleneck operations. Afterwards statistical charts like bar chart, pie charts and waterfall charts are constructed. For this purpose, all the activities in the operation that that value or non-value added, must be highlighted. Va lue added activity is one which creates value, as customers perceive it. On the other hand, non-value activities are those, for which, the customer will not be liable to pay for. For this reason all non-value activities should be removed from the process immediately. In this scenario, cycle time is a value added activity whereas the set-up time and waiting time are tagged as non-valuable activities. Reason behind future state The immediate target of the future plan is to nullify all non-valuable activities and wastes. Waste is described as the process that does not help in cost reduction and also as a process that doesn’t add to the product value. In total, waste can be categorized in seven parts: 1. Waiting 2. Needless inventory 3. Flaws 4. Transportation 5. Overproduction 6. Incorrect processing 7. Needless motion Nevertheless, another waste which is also considered in this list as the eight waste is over-employment, which means employees, whose services are not fully utili zed. This disease can only be curbed by the input of the employees in the company with innovations and better working ideas. Three major motives are involved in the consideration of lean manufacturing in the very first place. First and foremost is the expanding of the market at a global stage. Then comes, the higher demands of the customer in relation to quality and a better cost. Lastly, the old school methods are no longer accepted, for e.g. once a month delivery of the products to the customer. Lean manufacturing is an outstanding approach to achieve better operations, quality and cost wise. It is a sluggish process but contributes heavily to lessening of wastes. Additionally, it is more prone to increasing the quality of the process. The major motives behind VMS are listed and elaborated as follows: 1. TAKT time and bottleneck station TAKT is the essential element that has to be considered in lean manufacturing to meet the requirements of the customer. According to Carreiera (20 05), TAKT is defined as â€Å"the frequency with which your customer consumes a unit of product†. In simple words, it can be established about TAKT time that, it is the time available for producing a product which is parallel to the needs of the customer. TAKT time can be calculated by the following formula: If the time of the process is less than the

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so Essay

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so controversial - Essay Example ontinued to be the common language of England (non-Danelaw) until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when, under the influence of the Anglo-Norman language spoken by the Norman ruling class, it changed into Middle English roughly between 1150-1500. (Stenton, 54) But the central paradox of the Anglo- Saxon migration stays firm within the unavailability of substantial evidences. Till date there are considerable debates as to the extent of Anglo-Saxon migration from the fourth to the sixth centuries. This because we are unable to finds enough evidences regarding this migration and whatever is available proves to be unworthy as a sustainable source to prove within the academic consensus. As a result no single model of Anglo- Saxon migration can be taken into account academically. The initial interpretation of the Anglo- Saxon migration during the fourth to the sixth centuries suggested that the Anglo-Saxon tribes arrived in Britain in large numbers and settled down instantly. This process was instigated by mass genocide and effective displacement of the local communities of the ‘Britons’ (as depicted in Latin Texts) from the eastern and southern parts of the island. It is also believed that a minority of the Romano-British fled to Brittany and Galicia in northern Spain. Probably during the early sixth-century or late fifth century monk Gildas narrated the defeat of the British in the hand of the English and stated that this defeat was the result of a punishment from God in his writing De Excidio Britanniae. (Gildas, 77) A similar narrative appeared in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written in the early eighth century, which drew heavily on Gildas. This era of cataclysm was focussed by later Anglo-Saxon and British (Welsh) documents on the basic differences between the English and the Welsh. But many historians doubt the story - believing many or most Britons survived - but evidence to back up their account has always been hard to find. This is

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches Systems development concepts, issues and approaches and the relationship between technologies and their social context Question 1: Why are conventional approaches to systems design considered to be techno-centric? INTRODUCTION This paper presents a thorough explanation of the various processes related to systems design and to the problems that face the conventional, or traditional, methods according to which computer systems, of all kinds, are designed. The paper will then explain why the traditional approaches of system design are considered to be techno-centric. Before being able to answer the main question of this paper, we should define certain terms in order to clarify all the elements that will be discussed later on. Simmers (2004, p.542-543), states that â€Å"a computer system is an electronic device that can be thought of as a complete information-processing center. It can calculate, store, sort, update, manipulate, sequence, organize, and process data. It also controls logic operations and can rapidly communicate in graphics, numbers, words, and sounds.† Another definition is presented by Avgerou and Cornford (1998, p.1), as they state that information systems â€Å"refer to information and data handling activities in human organizations. Information handling in this sense is a purposeful activity sustained over time, and includes the activities of collecting information, storing it, directing it to appropriate places and people, and utilizing it in various tasks within the organization.† The designer of the system attempts to identify a specific problem within a given environment of work, for example, and creates a set of processes that should be able to resolve that problem according to pre-determined instructions and requirements (Kelkar, 2004). SYSTEM DESIGN A system is supposed to handle a variety of issues related to an organisation and to enable the people whom are considered to be the individuals that deal with those issues to function properly, swiftly, more efficiently, and more accurately. This usually also involves the interaction (inter-connectivity) between all those working in a specific section. The person (or group of people) that are supposed to design the desired system should study and analyse thoroughly the problem sphere, identifying the various elements and factors involved in it, proposing different system options, put them into test (preferably in real working environments), and finally selecting, with the help of the management of the organisation in question, the best solution. Computer systems designers, almost from the very beginning of this field, tended to work exclusively within their technical realm; meaning that they were identifying the problem and creating the solution that, evidently, was successful, but that was only operable and facilitated to themselves and to people of the same technical background. This created a reality which made it, somewhat, hard for average users, who are also supposed to be the end users of today’s computer systems, to deal, interact, let alone produce efficiently using those systems. The main problem in this context, as explained by Doherty King (2005, p.2), is that the designers do not, in most cases, follow most required steps in what concerns the analysis of the impact of utilising the computer solution on the organisation and in what concerns the interaction between the created system and the human factor of that organisation. According to Poulymenakou Holmes, 1996 (in Doherty and King, 2005, p.2), â€Å"the adoption of techno-centric development approaches can be a very dangerous strategy, as it encourages developers to deliver and implement the information system, and only then, if at all, worry about adapting it to its organizational context.† The conventional methodology, which depends solely on creating a computer system that is successful in resolving a given problem and that works from a technical (or computer programmable and configurable) point of view, is considered to be techno-centric because the most important factor in designing the system, which is the human factor, has not be taken into consideration fully by the designer (or the designers) during the implementation of their initial plan of work. Many specialists and researchers keep on calling for a methodology of system design that focuses more on the social aspect of the created tool: â€Å"little progress has been made in the development of practical socio-technical methods and approaches that have succeeded in making the transition from research laboratory to widespread commercial usage† (Doherty King, 2005, p.2). Davidson and Chiasson (2004, p.6) state that the three main stages of information technology are the development, the implementation, and the assimilation. They stress on the fact that all the details that are related to the daily use of the technology may not be seen at the time of planning because the â€Å"attention is focused on overall business goals and implementation strategy.† This makes the period following the installation and the initial implementation highly important as all the social and human related factors must be adjusted and modified to suit the users and the organisation as a whole. There are various examples of systems that were created according to the conventional, techno-centric, approach and that have failed at the time of implementation because the designers lacked the social-oriented element in their design Doherty and King (2005, p.2) mentioned several failed experiences of this kind; cases such as the London Ambulance System, the Taurus System, and the Benefits Payment Card System. Other examples were presented by Davidson and Chiasson (2005, p.6-12) who reported that the electronic medical record systems (EMRS) that were used in two healthcare organisations were also a cause of concern, to a certain extent. The authors confirm that the original systems created for the health organisations needed to be socially modified through the implementation of TUM (Technology Use Mediation) during system development stages and throughout the period in which the systems were in use. â€Å"System configuration required changes to software infrastructure and code. Organizational size influenced the availability and the effectiveness of mediation resources.† Another factor that is involved in the conventional approach is the total underestimation of previously existing systems which is also another characteristic of techno-centric methods of design and system development. Ignoring the ‘old’ systems leads the designer to create something that is totally new to the organisation, and this also excludes the effects, the advantages, and the usability of the previous system. The usability of the system and the ability of people within the organisation to work with it came as a result of a long period of system modifications (whether hardware or software) and of personal training and different processes of errors and corrections; which is what can be considered as the social-related side of system development. All those elements will be totally discarded by the designer during his/her development of the new system, which will result in the new system going through the same stages that the old system passed through, and this is anot her form of time-related and financially-related losses to the organisation. Chae and Poole (2005, p.19) pose an important question: â€Å"Is it possible for a large-scale information system to be developed ‘from scratch’?† Their explanation confirms that: Accounts of system development and the systems development literature often focus primarily on the new system and tend to underemphasize the role of pre-existing systems Few pay much attention to the role of pre-existing information systems in IS [Information Systems] development. To the extent the new system must integrate with pre-existing systems or use existing hardware and software Existing systems have also been regarded as problems or barriers to the development of new IS and as disablers of IS-based organizational innovation and change†¦ This approach, too, tends to treat pre-existing systems as objects, black boxes (e.g. Markus, 1983). Those mentioned above are the most notable points when studying computer design in its conventional method, which is, as can be seen, techno-centric. CONCLUSION Even though conventional approaches of system design have been applied from the beginning of the age of Information Technology, they are still techno-centric. What designers should focus on are those system characteristics that are more operable by the individuals of an organisation; this includes the interface design, the language used within the various parts of the system (those related to both the software and the hardware) Another important point is the adaptability to the organisation that requested the system; the designers should understand fully that various factors that can lead the newly created system to be more social-oriented and to be what the organisation needs. Techno-centric designs can work, but only in technical related fields and sections. Previous systems should be studied carefully before initiating the design plan for new ones; this will enable the designer to understand what characteristics worked previously, what structure are the employees and the managers used to work with, and which tools can be re-used within the new system. Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.27) explain the problem of techno-centric design by stating that â€Å"when introduced into a field, the technical system often needs to be changed to take into account the more holistic requirements that are present in the field, as users need to accommodate the technology in their daily routines.† Reference List Anderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Avgerou, C. and Cornford, T. (1998) Developing Information Systems: Concepts, Issues and Practice, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chae, B. and Scott, M. (2005) The surface of emergence in systems development: agency, institutions, and large-scale information systems, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 19-36. Davidson, E. and Chiasson, M. (2004) ‘Contextual influences on technology use mediation: a comparative analysis of electronic medical record systems’, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 6-18. Doherty, N. and King, M. (2005) From technical to socio-technical change: tackling the human and organizational aspects of systems development projects, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 1-5. Kelkar, S.A. (2004) Structured System Analysis and Design, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Simmers, L. (2004) Introduction to Health Science Technology, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning. Question 2: Are the work systems considered in week 2 readings based on an organisational or activity oriented perspective? INTRODUCTION This paper explains the various modes in which organisations operate in order to achieve their business related objectives. This includes the organisational approach and the activity-related approach. The paper also describes the work systems considered in the readings in order to identify according to which mode they operate, though the understanding of their structure and implementation of the various processes and procedures. To be able to give a comprehensive response to the main question of this paper, we should understand the meaning of each term presented within it; and this will be of great help in the next parts of this paper. As explained by Cope (2006, p.62), â€Å"a work system is a system of people and/or machines which perform a business process. An organisation is normally made up of many work systems. An information system supports and/or structures and/or controls and/or automates the work performed by other work systems† Another source defines a work system by stating that it is â€Å"a complex network of means-ends relations. The basic many-to-many relationships in this network and its loose coupling is the basic source of the need for human intervention in order to remove ambiguity and to control the functional state† (Salvendy Karwowski, 1994, p.69). This means that a work system includes every person and all items or tools that are functioning to perform a certain process required for the continuity, and profitability, of an organisation. ORGANSATIONAL vs. ACTIVITY-ORIENTED As explained by Sachs (1995, p.36-37) there are two perspective methods of performing the various operations and processes of an entity, these are either organisational or activity-oriented. The organisational scheme can be determined and discovered through the evident use of different â€Å"sets of defined tasks and operations such as those described in methods and procedures, which fulfil a set of business functions† The activityoriented method, on the other hand, â€Å"suggests that the range of activities, communication practices, relationships, and coordination it takes to accomplish business functions is complex and continually mediated by workers and managers alike.† As stated by the author, activity-oriented methods allow the employee or worker to improve, learn more, function better, and, ultimately, enhances the way in which the business as a whole functions. â€Å"An activity orientation draws on insights about work practice from several disciplines, includi ng anthropology, history, and psychology, and in so doing provides a holistic approach to the analysis of work.† Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.143-144) agree with Sachs and explain that the method according to which an organisation functions will affect a â€Å"number of fields – including management studies, business administration, information systems development, organizational behaviour, job design, human resource management, training, etc.† and in relation to systems design, the authors confirm that this growing significant view reconceptualises â€Å"the nature of work and organizational life, and the role of information technology support. It emphasizes work practices, and the way learning is accomplished within communities of practice.† They also state that organizational mode is still the major one in the organisations of today; as it is considered to be â€Å"grounded in scientific management ideas, focusing on training, tasks, procedures, workflow and teams† while the activity-oriented method concentrates on â€Å"learning, know-how, networks, conceptual understanding, work practices, judgement, and communities†. The example reported by Sachs for what concerns the organisational perspective is the one of the Trouble Ticketing System (TTS) which is a huge database system that is based on organising work tasks and distributing them on workers. In this case, the tasks performed by workers are only those that are considered by the system, while the activity-oriented method depends on each worker to solve problems from start to end rather than perform single tasks. â€Å"The underlying design assumption in organizational thinking is that technology design should eliminate human error. This differs sharply from the underlying assumption in activity-oriented thinking, which is that technology design should enhance the human capability of finding problems and solving them. Organizational thinking assumes that people create human error. Activity-oriented thinking assumes that people solve problems.† (p.40). In the case of United Parcel Service (UPS), as explained by laudon and Laudon (1995, p.17), we find that it is clearly working according to the organisational method. This is evident as all the structure of work is organised through the use of a centralised system that communicates to drivers the required destinations of various packages, and gathers the delivery information concerning each package and adds it to its main database which can be consulted by anyone through the use of any Internet connected device. Communications between the employees are reduced to the minimum as all work related information can be obtained from the system; this includes the delivery department, the customer service department, the shipment department and management. Even the requests of customers can be done directly through the system as all the required information is provided (shipping rates, shipment routes, times, etc). But on the other hand, there is a side of UPS that can be considered activity-oriented; this can be found in what concerns the sales department and the marketing department; these two functions require a different approach and it is being followed. The focus, when it comes to these two sections of the work process, depends solely on the performance which is not measured through tasks, but through problem solving from start to end. Communication, training, and know-how are essential here. The duty of the departments in question is to identify problems, locate the causes, and come up with successful solution. A clear case of the organisational approach is the one of the company called Electronic Banking System Inc. In this company, every single individual is responsible for a specific task, he/she is being monitored all the time, the production of each individual is checked continuously, conversations between employees/workers are not allowed if not related to task performance, and even looking out the window (which is considered to be nothing more than distraction from work) is not allowed (Horowitz, 1996, p.322). According to this system, any error is digitally monitored and immediately reported. As explained earlier, in a system such as this one, there is no space for improvement, and there is no need for problem solving skills; what each person should do is pre-set and no special talents or know-how qualities are required. CONCLUSION System design in organisational businesses and entities is, to a certain extent, fairly simple; as the tasks are well defined before the designer, the level of the various users’ rights and privileges is evident, and the processes to perform are directly requested by the organisation. Development in the activity oriented environment is difficult as it is needed to separate the situational and the personal elements and the effects each one has on the other during the process of interaction. The designer should be able to identify the required processes and operations through the help of analytical tools (Peiro, 1995, p.284). This means that a social study in what concerns the various functions of the system should performed by the designer in advance in order to enable him/her to produce the required work system. Another important factor for the designer is to be able to comprehend the various policies within the organisation in question in order to reach the desired system which complies with those rules and policies. It is also possible for the designer to offer a possibility of continuous communications, learning, and enhancement through the system even in businesses based on the organisational method. Reference List Cope, C. (2006) Beneath the Surface, Santa Rosa, CA: Informing Science Press. Salvendy, G. and Karwowski, W. (Ed.). (1994) Design of Work and Development of Personnel in Advanced Manufacturing, New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Sachs, P. (1995) Transforming Work: Collaboration, Learning, and Design, Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 38, 9 36-44. Anderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (2005). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 9th edn, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Horowitz, T. (1996) Mr. Edens Profits from Watching His Workers Every Move, in Kling, R. Computerization and Controversy, San Diego: Academic Press, pp.322-325. Peiro, J.M. (1995) Work and Organizational Psychology: European Contributions of the Nineties, East Sussex, Erlbaum (UK) Taylor Francis.

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay -- Reverse Discrimination

Affirmative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, people have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and continues to play a vital and important role in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since it's conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more harmful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had not been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment rate would be much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like any program, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look one's credentials and hires people solely on the color of their skin. It can not be denied however, that Affirmative Action has aided in the struggle to bring about the social inclusion of minorities in the work place and schools. When society begins to misuse the Affirmative Action programs and begins using it as a form of reverse discrimination, then it becomes hard for sates to continue implementing it . These programs where not intended to take job opportunities away from qualified white applicants. If anything, Affirmative Action was meant to be administered by way of the least intrusive means. This program was created to allow minorities to have the same chance to excel in the workforce that the average Caucasian has. I have to admit, I am a strong supporter of Affirmative Action and equ...

Macroeconomics Question Paper

Question 1 . Using a market-clearing model to analyze the demand for haircuts is ______ because the price of a haircut usually changes ______. Answer Selected Answer: unrealistic; infrequently Correct Answer: unrealistic; infrequently . Question 2 . Which of the following is not the correct combination for a U. S. president and an important economic issue of his administration? Answer Selected Answer: President Clinton, inflation Correct Answer: President Clinton, inflation . Question 3 . Macroeconomic models are used to explain how ______ variables influence ______ variables.Answer Selected Answer: exogenous; endogenous Correct Answer: exogenous; endogenous . Question 4 . The total income of everyone in the economy adjusted for the level of prices is called: Answer Selected Answer: real GDP. Correct Answer: real GDP. . Question 5 . A period of falling prices is called: Answer Selected Answer: a recession. Correct Answer: deflation. . Question 6 . The inflation rate is a measure of h ow fast: Answer Selected Answer: prices in the economy are rising. Correct Answer: prices in the economy are rising. . Question 7 . Exogenous variables are:Answer Selected Answer: fixed at the moment they enter the model. Correct Answer: fixed at the moment they enter the model. . Question 8 . In the relationship expressed in functional form, Y = G(K, L), Y stands for real GDP, K stands for the amount of capital in the economy, and L stands for the amount of labor in the economy. In this case G( ): Answer Selected Answer: is the function telling how the variables in the parenthesis determine real GDP. Correct Answer: is the function telling how the variables in the parenthesis determine real GDP. . Question 9 .The inflation rate in the United States averaged about: Answer Selected Answer: zero between 1900 and 1950. Correct Answer: zero between 1900 and 1950. . Question 10 . Endogenous variables are: Answer Selected Answer: determined within the model. Correct Answer: determined wit hin the model. . Question 11 . The best measure of the economic satisfaction of the members of a society is: Answer Selected Answer: real GDP. Correct Answer: real GDP. . Question 12 . In 2010 in the United States, the approximate percentage of GDP that was spent on consumption was: Answer Selected Answer: 7 percent. Correct Answer: 67 percent. . Question 13 . The national income accounts identity, for an open economy, is: Answer Selected Answer: Y = C + I + G + NX. Correct Answer: Y = C + I + G + NX. . Question 14 . If nominal GDP grew by 5 percent and real GDP grew by 3 percent, then the GDP deflator grew by approximately ______ percent. Answer Selected Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 . Question 15 . If the number employed increases while the number unemployed does not change, the unemployment rate: Answer Selected Answer: will not change. Correct Answer: will decrease. . Question 16 .As a percentage of GNP, depreciation (also called the consumption of fixed capital) amounts to approx imately: Answer Selected Answer: 10 percent. Correct Answer: 10 percent. . Question 17 . Prices of items included in the CPI are: Answer Selected Answer: weighted according to quantity of the item purchased by the typical household. Correct Answer: weighted according to quantity of the item purchased by the typical household. . Question 18 . Real GDP means the value of goods and services is measured in ______ prices. Answer Selected Answer: constant Correct Answer: constant . Question 19 .If nominal GDP increased by 5 percent and the GDP deflator increased by 3 percent, then real GDP ______ by ______ percent. Answer Selected Answer: increased; 2 Correct Answer: increased; 2 . Question 20 . Nominal GDP is measured in _____ dollars _____ time. Answer Selected Answer: current; per unit of Correct Answer: current; per unit of . Question 21 . Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 2 Reference: Ref 3-2 (Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 2) The economy begins i n equilibrium at Point E, representing the real interest rate, r1, at which saving, S1, equals desired investment, I1.What will be the new equilibrium combination of real interest rate, saving, and investment if there is a tax law change that makes investment projects less profitable and decreases the demand for investment goods (but does not change the amount of taxes collected in the economy)? Answer Selected Answer: Point C Correct Answer: Point A . Question 22 . National saving refers to: Answer Selected Answer: income minus consumption minus government spending. Correct Answer: income minus consumption minus government spending. . Question 23 .According to the neoclassical theory of distribution, if firms are competitive and subject to constant returns to scale, total income in the economy is distributed: Answer Selected Answer: between the labor and capital used in production, according to their marginal productivities. Correct Answer: between the labor and capital used in pro duction, according to their marginal productivities. . Question 24 . According to the model developed in Chapter 3, when government spending increases but taxes are not raised, interest rates: Answer Selected Answer: increase. Correct Answer: increase. . Question 25 .When there is a fixed supply of loanable funds, an increase in investment demand results in a(n): Answer Selected Answer: higher interest rate. Correct Answer: higher interest rate. . Question 26 . Assume that the production function is Cobb–Douglas with parameter ? = 0. 3. In the neoclassical model, if the labor force increases by 10 percent, then output: Answer Selected Answer: increases by about 7 percent. Correct Answer: increases by about 7 percent. . Question 27 . In the classical model with fixed income, if households want to save more than firms want to invest, then: Answer Selected Answer: he interest rate falls. Correct Answer: the interest rate falls. . Question 28 . Assume that equilibrium GDP (Y) is 5,000. Consumption is given by the equation C = 500 + 0. 6Y. Investment (I) is given by the equation I = 2,000 – 100r, where r is the real interest rate in percent. No government exists. In this case, the equilibrium real interest rate is: Answer Selected Answer: 5 percent. Correct Answer: 5 percent. . Question 29 . In the classical model with fixed income, if the demand for goods and services is greater than the supply, the interest rate will: Answer Selected Answer: increase.Correct Answer: increase. . Question 30 . Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 1 Reference: Ref 3-1 (Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 1) The economy begins in equilibrium at Point E, representing the real interest rate, r1, at which saving, S1, equals desired investment, I1. What will be the new equilibrium combination of real interest rate, saving, and investment if the government raises taxes, holding other factors constant? Answer Selected Answer: Point B Correct Answe r: Point B . Question 31 . Assume that the consumption function is given by C = 200 + 0. (Y – T), the tax function is given by T = 100 + t1Y, and Y = 50K0. 5L0. 5, where K = 100 and L = 100. If t1 increases from 0. 2 to 0. 25, then consumption decreases by: Answer Selected Answer: 175. Correct Answer: 175. . Question 32 . Assume that the investment function is given by I = 1,000 – 30r, where r is the real rate of interest (in percent). Assume further that the nominal rate of interest is 10 percent and the inflation rate is 2 percent. According to the investment function, investment will be: Answer Selected Answer: 760. Correct Answer: 760. .Saturday, November 10, 2012 12:07:36 PM EST .

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essays

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essays Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay or professional development journals to return and better readings ( Clouder 2000 ) . The method is taken farther by Gillings ( 2000 ) in puting accent on a sincere committedness to self question and a preparedness to alter through honestness and openness. This statement is supported by Atkins ( 2000 ) by finding self-awareness of disposition and strong belief as indispensable to the brooding procedure. Ann is a transferee to the university where she easy became friends with pack groups. One weekend she was invited to come articulation a liquid event on June 28, 2008. After swimming these adolescents decided to imbibe and others took a dosage of marihuana. Ann managed to acquire excessively intoxicated that was left behind with two male childs who promised to take her place. Ann was raped that dark. The activity held outside campus was non led by the academia that legal power and duty is argued. L O G I thought it would be a sweeping instance for it concerned 11 bush leagues of the same campus, holding managed to entree spirits and drugs. I believed there was neglect and unkindness on the portion on all participants of the activity for go forthing a vulnerable miss to the attention of bullish male childs, and passed judgement that this was some fraternity issue. Because I knew of the forensic grounds and research lab consequences, it was hard to allow travel. As I struggled with myself, I discovered the ulterior developments in brooding pattern threshed that persons reach a bound reflecting entirely, unaided ( Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985 ) and that there is more benefit to follow brooding pattern in a group puting or one-to-one forum through supervising ( Fisher 1996 ) . Other articles refer this as a guided contemplation or larning sequence by analyzing 1s feelings that an evolving of thoughts and grasp spills out. Mann ( 2008 ) nowadayss shared contemplation to harvest benefits of continuity, trust, peer support and an chance to reframe. Possible harmful results in spite the purpose to supply self way are besides expressed in other plants 1-busy work, 2-lack of impact, 3-rejection by clients, 4-misplaced assurance, 5-reflection without larning, 6-intellectualizing contemplation, 7-inappropriate revelation. The article points out that shared contemplation is enabled by free look of sentiment when there is a common sensed utility of the activity and prior brooding pattern experience. However the existent implements of shared contemplation could differ as to organisational clime and allotment of clip for contemplation. But with the many work restraints, shared brooding activities was non possible at the minute. I adamantly guided Ann to prosecute a condemnable instance. A ailment against the male child was filed in the tribunal under IS No 08-1777. However, with the jurisprudence protecting bush leagues below 16 in topographic point, the prosecuting officer dismissed all condemnable charges with ground that these male childs are below age of adulthood. It was non long that these childs are back in campus. Inquiries on the incident were in subsequences which the little establishment claiming deficiency of legal power had nil to make and nil more could be done. Cruelly plenty, the male childs taunt Ann in campus that she reports to her male parent who in return assaults one wrongdoer. Ann s male parent is charged for defeated slaying and kid maltreatment on the male child still non proven guilty. L O G I was wholly devastated with the fact violative sexual behavior shall go through without captivity or compunction, seeing that the Torahs that protect kids in struggle a turn. In every bit much as the male childs are exempt from condemnable liability, distinction between incorrect and right and the entree of mistake is non examined. While the province protects these male childs from penalty, the province did non protect Ann. Gillian Ruch ( 2008 ) points out that there is more literature on definitions of brooding pattern, when less idea is given to the conditions to ease its development. Insofar as this tool recognizes complexness andA uncertainness inherent in societal work pattern, there should be more accent on the demand for practicians to work within safe, clear, collaborative and communicative working patterns that are mutualist -in regard brooding pattern. Ann fell into depression ; thinks it was her mistake ( she was excessively intoxicated ) because she allowed the male childs to mistreat her. She caused all the problems ( her male parent beat up one of the male childs who files a kid maltreatment instance against him and the fraternity wanted to revenge ) She inflicts strivings on herself ( wrist slashing ) , ran off from place and seeks safety from mobsters. Smokes, drinks, had some larceny issues and turned promiscuous. L O G I felt responsible in some manner for this behavior and inadequate for non being able to make more. I though hard of ways to develop a positive ego and positive ego image for Ann. I involved excessively profoundly with the household, promoting parents to seek out chances to praise, reinforce, and acknowledge achievements. It consumed me, seeking to acquire Ann to an improved ability to swear others in a developed sense. Models of brooding pattern originate in different Fieldss of survey, typically depict an iterative procedure but are non explicit of the function of emotions. A simple theoretical account of contemplation is to return to the experience and take feelings into history by acknowledgment of emotion, go toing to the feelings and developing a new position ( Boud, Keogh and Walker 1985 ) . Behaviors Ideas Feelingss Returning to see aˆ? Using positive feelings aˆ? Removing blockading feelings Rhenium measuring experience New positions on experience Change in behavior Readiness for application Committedness to action Experience ( s ) Brooding procedures Results Looking at my instance from a critical position, I have prepared a simple log. L O G What was I seeking to accomplish? I wanted severely to assist Ann who was a blue smart, wholly lost in the age of adolescence. Why did I respond as I did? My defeat is coupled with the cognition of several surveies that have shown that every bit age additions in deprived communities, male childs have more autonomy than misss to research outside the place ( e.g. Jones et al. , 2000 ) . And because these deprived communities are less safe, the diminution in a miss s independent activities has crippled the overall growing of society. What were the effects of that for the patient, others, myself? I have given my all to this instance, but have clip and fund restraints with the volume and limited work force of our organisation. Ann was sent to the Center for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, another NGO with structured methods on managing child sexual maltreatment instances. How were others experiencing? I came to run into the members of the kid s household, who struggled through the issues and trouble at manus. On the other portion, the households of these male childs manifested a displaced assurance. How did I cognize this? I kept in changeless communicating with the female parent until a twelvemonth after that I left work. Why did I experience the manner I did within this state of affairs? I knew that I could hold done more. And I believe there is a demand to measure the statute law. Did I act for the best? The changeless weight of work load force per unit area and prioritization is frequently of concern to us as kid protection workers. What cognition did or could hold informed me? Policy developments like these are of import to be placed in the bow to advance better apprehension of the existent degrees of hazard to kids in the assorted signifiers of societal interaction. Does this state of affairs connect with old experiences? Not peculiarly, although true I was drawn into this instance. How could I manage this state of affairs better? I should hold been upfront with the household of the statute laws in topographic point such that the affair would be dealt with outside legal position. What would be the effects of alternate actions for the patient/others/myself? There should hold been a co-ordinated attack, delegating each kid to a societal worker effectually join forcesing findings and remedy for child freak out. How do I now feel about this experience? Anger. I felt consumed by this experience and sore. Can I back up myself and others better as a effect? Yes. I have learned to separate the bounds of my work and the degree of fond regard I can let myself. How available am I to work with patients/families and staff to assist them run into their demands? I extend myself in certain state of affairss that compel or affected me more than the work should. Social work in deprived communities is hefted with several restraints, if non nerve-racking to a practician. A serious quandary is that kid protection and community is peculiarly influenced by poorness and other signifiers of inequality. It can be said that a harsher impact of multinational integrating would be an increased figure of dying people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffective with a shorthanded societal workers group. In these down countries, where the nucleus household unit is continually stressed, abuse easy coughs up. Adolescent sexual maltreatment is an experience relating to a wide spectrum of challenges across societal work development, with self-destruction as the most terrible result where much is lost. Other station injury behavior common are sexual risk-taking and substance abuse, depression, anxiousness, and panic aggression and delinquency. With the intensifying figures on maltreatment, my section puts up response to the WID ( Women in Development ) , WAD ( Women and Development ) and GAD ( Gender and Development ) plans of the Government. It is among five pilot undertakings focused on adult females, kids and household, providing a wide geographical coverage with authorization as Training Center. We use a entire direction attack peculiarly in terrible instances of force. We work closely with webs such as the Anti Child Abuse Network ( ACAN, a national web ) , Gender Equality and Development ( GEAD web in the metropolis of Baguio ) and the Regional Organization of Gender Focal Point ( ROGFP ) . The section six old ages in being is established through British financess. This concluded in 2006 go forthing behind a vacuity in the grip of Family Needs-and-Risk-Assessment of victim subsisters, including other signifiers of aid ( organizing impermanent shelter and place visits ) . My work as a societal worker involves come ining the lives of kids and households in hurt, struggle or problem. To make so requires theoretical competency and ego consciousness. Brooding pattern ensures that my motives and past experiences are used to heighten our pattern and to assist me recognize our impact on others. With it I am besides able to set up boundaries when working with kids that I have become less assumptive, although it does take experience, clip, and accomplishment. Perceptibly, it has reduced my negative experiences as a service supplier. I have the ability to step back and expression at the bigger image we are able to work more efficaciously with a service user. Contemplation ensures assurance that our responses arise from the client s state of affairs instead than our past or demands ( Lishman, 2002 ) . It prompts the rating of pattern and gives manner to chances to larn from experience by placing what worked good and what may necessitate to alter. Brooding pattern helps us to maintain our committedness of uninterrupted professional development and reinforces the importance of the attitude and keeps answerability at the head of our pattern ( Thompson, 2002 ) . A important facet of contemplation is being able to utilize the unfavorable judgment faced and utilize it-that is, turn the state of affairs on its caput, and larn something positive from it. Schon ( 1983 ) has explained, professional cognition is grounded in professional experience. L O G In one clip I consoled the female parent of this immature miss by stating her non to worry because this circumstance will do her stronger and wiser. And she snapped at me in letdown that it was the least of her involvement to derive strength and wisdom at the disbursal of her kid. For long I was in moral struggle over the instance. More so because it was a strong issue in the country of my work and to circles I involved in. Contradictions from involvement groups mounted, many merely for the benefit of group support among others. It was really sad because those injuries from the happening could non be helped. Deep inside me I questioned if we did protect the kid and should be protect a kid who abuses another kid. The contemplation of my interior struggle is drawn in the tree below. Child Protection RA 7610 Anti Child Abuse It was lay waste toing and I was frustrated. Do the most important and influential ethical theories deny the being of natural rights? I should hold been upfront with the household of the statute laws in topographic point such that the affair would be dealt with outside legal position. Action is incorrect because it ignores Ann s rights. In every bit much as the male childs are exempt from condemnable liability, distinction between incorrect and right and the entree of mistake is non examined. While the province protects these male childs from penalty, the province did non protect Ann. Ann fell into depression ; inflicts pain on herself ( wrist cut downing ) , ran off from place and seeks safety from mobsters. Smokes, drinks, had some larceny issues and turned promiscuous. Have I failed to protect and continue public involvement because of a selective indifference to information, apprehension, and cognition that bear on the saving of human values and the solution of jobs? Should policy developments as this of import be examined to promote better apprehension of the existent degrees of hazard to kids in the assorted signifiers of societal interaction? It consumed me, seeking to acquire Ann to an improved ability to swear others in a developed sense. On the other portion, the households of these male childs manifested a displaced assurance. Is policy effectual with the harsher impact of multinational integrating and increased figure of dying people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffective with a shorthanded societal workers group. With all confusion, it was my changeless brooding pattern that held me through. I so took upon myself to prosecute that this tool as a functional procedure to be performed at single degree by members of the squad and in instance conferences. The specific aims include: ( a ) Increased consciousness of RA 7610, Particular Protection of Children against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act and RA 9262, An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children, supplying for Protective Measures for Victims, ordering Punishments hence, and for other intents ; through brooding pattern methods and attacks focused on the household as a basic societal unit, and widening to schools, universities, workplaces and the communities. ( B ) Reporting contemplation after carry oning immediate extended intervention and protection and preventative psycho-social services through proving and intervention, deliberation and guidance. ( degree Celsius ) Shared contemplations on peculiar instances for the containment of terrible conditions that farther endanger lives and state of affairss of victim subsisters, households and communities. ( vitamin D ) Shared contemplation that explores possible functions of victim subsisters and households in the brooding pattern enterprises for community acquisition. ( vitamin E ) To log these activities for the promotion of research methods and farther improvement of plans and services bringing. At this point I thought it utile to reframe the work procedure. Brooding pattern should be cardinal to reframing a procedure flow of intercession in my section. The revised diagram puts frontward the value of duologue after every procedure measure which could alter the troubles experienced through my single history ( Errington, Robertson 1998 ) . It is thought that brooding pattern adopted in a group puting by practicians should be inextricably linked to societal workers scenes. The interaction besides establishes basicss of supervising by the section caput as suggested in the Hagiographas of COT ( 1997 ) , carry oning group brooding pattern supports and promotes professional development and go oning instruction. REFRAMING INTERVENTION CHART Patient with guardian is received by WCPU Social worker Defender is made to finish the consent signifier Trauma intake interview if a patient is conducted, treatment with caretakers, comrades and relations Gathering, distillment and relaying of important information to the clinician before the interview and test Collaboration with hospital staff members on-call Physician and societal worker interview the Guardian/ caretaker Refers patient and household for impermanent shelter, repast, nutrient, fiscal aid from LGU Submits and follows up lab specimen consequences Brooding Practice 1 PATIENT INTAKE Rigorous certification of interviews, hazard appraisal and attention of the subsisters Worker conducts risk appraisal for the kid and household and decides on a program of action that best protects the kid and the household Refers child to a head-shrinker if needed Coordinates and refers client to other bureaus like OSCWD, CPTCSA, PNP and others SW provides advice and crisis guidance 4RISK ASSESSMENT ( Social worker ) The doctor carries out an appropriate forensic interview that is child sensitive, utilizing a developmental attack Social worker listens to interview an transcribes interviews as necessary 2 FORENSIC INTERVIEW The doctor and societal worker buttocks and refer patients who require reding to the head-shrinker Psychiatrist behaviors regular therapy Sessionss for the kid until the kid shows, important betterments in diagnosing 5 PSYCHIATRIC CARE Physician performs non-traumatizing medical scrutiny that adheres legal necessities for grounds aggregation, including colposcopic images Doctor besides examines kid for medical jobs non associated to the maltreatment Physician devises and implements a medical intervention program Helping the doctor in the conducting of the physical scrutiny and assemblage of specimen and other medico-legal groundss Social worker base on ballss and follow-up research lab petition. Refer lab consequences to doctors concerns and informs patient Contact and acquire nutrient from dietary for the patient as needed When necessary, referrals are made for medical services non provided by WCPU 3 MEDICAL EXAMINATION When summoned, WCPU physicians appear in tribunal to supply adept testimony about the findings 6 COURT Testimony Brooding Practice While the work of Gillings ( 2000 ) guides contemplation of feelings to intentionally measure the experience, it is expected that a peculiar state of affairs is adequately analysed and that the development of an action program follows. By reframing the procedure flow, there is better opportunity that a holistic action program evolves each clip shared contemplation takes topographic point and extra information integrated to the instance. This requires that professional development journals ( Clouder 2000 ) go portion of the work flow, where certification of group contemplations preserves the acquisition experience for the mention of future larning groups. Importantly, each group brooding pattern should get down with the apprehension of what the squad is seeking to accomplish. The sensitiveness articulated by Atkins in Burns and Bulman ( 2000 ) , is that there must be commitment and willingness to listen to the positions and penetrations of other practicians. By so, it allows for new p ostulates for practicians to use in the grip of new experiences. In consequence, an single member presents a challenge and has these positions and positions provoked by inquiries of fellow practicians, and portion the procedure taking to appropriate actions. It is an application of the work of Kristina Gower ( 2002 ) that through the procedure of shared contemplation, an avenue is set for the person to concentrate on themselves and what they are coping at work. It is argued in many Hagiographas that shared contemplation when practiced efficaciously and with consistence, enables practicians to be unfastened with each other and capable of trust. I think it is most needed today where globalization has caused upon a alteration in the societal constructions of communities and societal workers are faced with new kinds of challenges. By mere procedure of jotting down ideas in a descriptive mode, unloads the emotions held within. What is more is when it is read, it is an act of distancing from ego, leting one to see if our responses were appropriate to the state of affairs. Shared Reflection Session Adapted from National Primary and Care Trust Development Programme 2008 Show your challenge, penetration, issue, or inquiry Set members question you constructively to dispute positions and apprehension, perceptual experiences, and premises New penetrations, understanding or thoughts Test actions in the workplace Draw decisions and grade acquisitions. Integrate the new cognition into the pattern Bring consequences back to put. What worked? What did non? Why? Each clip group contemplation is carried out, a new interaction or signifier of contemplation occurs, or single contemplation is deepened. The chart below depicts continues growing expected of duologues amongst practicians. Proper recording of the analyses, struggle and interaction must be ensured for future growing of the section. By and big, globalisation altered the traditional functions in society that sense of community is difficult to come by. The greater impact nevertheless falls on less developed states where near household ties have touchable effects on income beginnings, every bit personal growing. While conventional theory avers household as the cardinal societal establishment, it is opposed by the altering times. The present phenomenon sees the household unit split on a monolithic graduated table taking to less safer communities for the kid. Because it is so, brooding pattern intertwines with the pattern of societal work. Interactions in delicate affairs of household, and in state of affairss of uncomfortableness, it is indispensable that societal workers maintain brooding pattern to unearth penetrations every bit much as for the involvement of self saving in pressing issues by changeless ego consciousness. While pattern is located within the ancient tradition of experiential acquisition and in the late defined position of located knowledge, both return us to the basic comprehension that non all jobs are of equal dimensions. What is more is non the range or dimensions of the job but the significance of the job to the kid we work with ( Osterman, 1993 ) . This is reinforced in the manuscript Changing Lives reappraisal of societal work by Peter Lewis, where it relates the emphasized demand for more brooding pattern. Appointed manager of kids s services at Haringey, a first response was to direct off societal work staff on brooding pattern classs at the Tavistock Clinic ( Cooper, 2010 ) . Of class, a immense obstruction to reflective pattern and clearly widespread in England comes with the fastening budgets, even when surveies have increasing shown the relevancy of brooding pattern as an indispensable portion of societal work determination devising. That is the sheer volume of the work and its impact, as a societal worker, one is stressed and overwhelmed that is likely to excessively place with a kid at work or with the parents. As a consequence it becomes hard to keep objectiveness and stand back. Kim Poupart ( 2010 ) relents that Peoples get stirred up by kid protection work. For illustration, if person is forced to look at slides of maltreatment it is painful for them to see. Unless they can reflect about how disquieted and angry they feel they will be unable to pull off their feelings in relation to the work and determinations they need to do. The survey elaborates on the of import elements of reflective pattern which allows for a deeper apprehension of: ( 1 ) The function emotion plays in decision-making, ( 2 ) Patterns happening the grounds for gut feelings, ( 3 ) Confirmation prejudices or reluctance to abandon a pre-formed sentiment, ( 4 ) Attribution mistake on imputing behavior to personality traits instead than the context, and ( 5 ) Hindsight mistake. While brooding pattern in societal work can non be disguised, acceptance on personal properties should be upheld. These personal properties lending to the flawlessness of brooding pattern are: values, perceptual experience of the universe, self-perception, emotional position and interaction with the external environment ( Maree C, 2010 ) . The ascertained accomplishments taking toward such competences are developed at early parts of the profession. Course course of studies have incorporated cognitive-structural theories, human development theories, and thorough survey of postmodern Hagiographas on brooding patterns in group and separately. Neil and Sue Thompson ( 2009 ) suggest that At the bosom of brooding pattern is the thought that our actions should be informed by a cognition base that we engage with actively. In which instance responses are non by modus operandi or by wont but instead through sincere and considerate apprehension of the state of affairs faced, therefore guarant ing the practician sees beneath the surface of things. In decision, brooding pattern contributes to professional development and in a mode rather hard to mensurate. Particularly in my instance, it was the beginning of great strength with the several hard determinations and challenges unearthed in kid protection work. I could candidly state that this instance was a moral challenge since it compelled implementing a jurisprudence that I do non believe is wholly good. Similarly, we run the hazard of reenforcing bing inequalities and potentially oppressive procedures in the absence of proper contemplation and brooding pattern. In some organisations, this is seen to come in the manner of work, particularly to traditional foremans who think that adding procedures is an consequence of non holding adequate work to make. Through brooding pattern I come to appreciate All things equal, I strongly believe that it there are good picks and better results for kids when contemplation is performed. I see things otherwise.

Significance of the Copernican Principle

Significance of the Copernican Principle The Copernican principle (in its classical form) is the principle that the Earth does not rest in a privileged or special physical position in the universe. Specifically, it derives from the claim of Nicolaus Copernicus that the Earth was not stationary, when he proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. This had such significant implications that Copernicus himself delayed publishing the results until the end of his life, out of fear of the sort of religious backlash suffered by Galileo Galilei. Significance of the Copernican Principle This may not sound like a particularly important principle, but its actually vital to the history of science, because it represents a fundamental philosophical change in how intellectuals dealt with humanitys role in the universe ... at least in scientific terms. What this basically means is that in science, you shouldnt assume that humans have a fundamentally privileged position within the universe. For example, in astronomy this generally means that all large regions of the universe should be pretty much identical to each others. (Obviously, there are some local differences, but these are just statistical variations, not fundamental differences in what the universe is like in those different places.) However, this principle has been expanded over the years into other areas. Biology has adopted a similar viewpoint, now recognizing that the physical processes which control (and formed) humanity must be basically identical to those that are at work in all other known lifeforms. This gradual transformation of the Copernican principle is well presented in this quote from The Grand Design by Stephen Hawking Leonard Mlodinow: Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system is acknowledged as the first convincing scientific demonstration that we humans are not the focal point of the cosmos.... We now realize that Copernicus result is but one of a series of nested demotions overthrowing long-held assumptions regarding humanitys special status: were not located at the center of the solar system, were not located at the center of the galaxy, were not located at the center of the universe, were not even made of the dark ingredients constituting the vast majority of the universes mass. Such cosmic downgrading [...] exemplifies what scientists now call the Copernican principle: in the grand scheme of things, everything we know points toward human beings not occupying a privileged position. Copernican Principle versus Anthropic Principle In recent years, a new way of thinking has begun to question the central role of the Copernican principle. This approach, known as the anthropic principle, suggests that maybe we shouldnt be so hasty to demote ourselves. According to it, we should take into account the fact that we exist and that the laws of nature in our universe (or our portion of the universe, at least) have to be consistent with our own existence. At its core, this isnt fundamentally at odds with the Copernican principle. The anthropic principle, as generally interpreted, is more about a selection effect based on the fact that we do happen to exist, rather than a statement about our fundamental significance to the universe. (For that, see the participatory anthropic principle, or PAP.) The degree to which the anthropic principle is useful or necessary in physics is a hotly debated topic, particularly as it relates to the notion of a supposed fine-tuning problem within the physical parameters of the universe.

Print Advertisement for Product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Print Advertisement for Product - Assignment Example The advertisement of the product by the company has been effective in influencing the customers informing them about the various quality features and natural ingredients used in its production. In this respect, the company with its quality ingredients and other essential characteristics is effective in attracting customers and changing their preferences from national to local branded products. Contextually, informing the customers about the quality and natural features of the product was able to evoke their preferences for natural ingredients and their health concern too. Focused on the concept of an informative advertisement, it also promoted regarding the user convenience feature, which also attracted quite a considerable number of customers (Batada, Seitz, Wootan & Story, 2008).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Consumer group that the ad excludesIrrespective of the widened attempt of the ad, customers of certain age group can be observed to have been excluded from its group of targeted audiences. In this regard, the ‘Impulsive group of customers’ can be identified as the group excluded from the dais of the ad’s targeted audiences. This is because of the fact that these set of customers are unplanned buyers and prefer discount as variable to choose between products that is not being offered by the brand owing to which, the ad apparently misses on this aspect. Moreover, the ad does not show any time limit in buying the product, to lure this particular group of audiences, and thus, the ad can be said to exclude the unplanned. buyers from its ad campaign (Karbasivar & Yarahmadi, 2011). 4. Evaluation of the advertisement and its relationship with cultural value

Whity (1971) by Rainer Werner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Whity (1971) by Rainer Werner - Essay Example The movie remains fresh in the minds of the viewers long after his death in 1982. Until his death, Fassbinder had written a number of movies including Avant-garde, Katzelmacher, The American Soldier, Beware of a Holy Whore, World on a Wire, just to name but a few. It shows how talented the film writer was though he died at an early age of thirty-seven years. The stars in the movie include Ron Randell, Hanna Schygulla and Katrin Schaake (Itchload 29). The film begins in the midst of one of the key actors by the name Gunther Kaufmann who appears to lie on the ground holding something reddish in hands. At first sight, one may think he is dead. A song plays in the background, and from its words, the actor claims to require only five bullets to use to finish a family. A woman black in color follows chopping off the head of a fish. Whity is the main character in the movie. He belongs to the illegal family of Nicholson. All the family members are, in one way or the other, crazy people who w ear face makeup, which are grey in color (Itchload 29). Ron Randel, the father, is an extremely cruel one and convinces his wife that he may die so soon. His aim is to make her assume she is inheriting his husband’s property, which is not the case. ... This obsession carries the viewer up to the last part of the film. Fassbinder uses this shared obsession by all members of the family to develop the theme of the film (Pipolo 18). The contribution is represented by repeatedly stated episodes which dominate the plot of the story. The role played by each of the actors, their sexuality and the known economical relationships also help in plot development. In addition, the effects of fate in growing impacts of love the actors have in the movie make the viewer understand what the writer wants to put across (Mathews and Charles 5). This shows the society’s behavior in the whole context. These issues get even more complicated when the viewer realizes that Fassbinder’s lover plays Whity. To make matters even worse, Whity’s senior punishes him as the other members of the family watch. This is truly an embarrassing scene and shows how that community’s morality has deteriorated. As all these scenarios take place, Fass binder watches all the unfolding from his dictatorial chair. Pipolo reviews that the complicated relationship of Fassbinder and the other actors was also evident in the writer’s other movie, Beware of a Holy Whore (29). The same author also indicates that it was necessary to include Whity in Fassbinder’s other acted movie, Despair, equally celebrated by many viewers because of its creativity and complexity. The writer also demonstrates a number of customs that natives from different societies follow. As one of the most highly polished films that Fassbinder produced, Whity has quite a number of scenes that explain much about people’s behavior. As one watches the film, one will realize that there is a lot of flagellating, sexual low tones, prostitution and other fascinating styles,