Sauroposeidon - Facts and Figures

Name: Sauroposeidon (Greek for Poseidon lizard); pronounced SORE-oh-po-SIDE-on Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (110 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 100 feet long and 60 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Extremely long neck; massive body; small head About Sauroposeidon For years, pretty much all we knew about the fancifully named Sauroposeidon derived from a handful of cervical vertebrae (neck bones) unearthed in Oklahoma in 1999. These arent just your garden-variety vertebrae, though--judging by their massive size and weight, its clear that Sauroposeidon was one of the largest herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs that ever lived, outclassed only by the South American Argentinosaurus and its fellow North American cousin Seismosaurus (which may well have been a species of Diplodocus). A few other titanosaurs, like Bruthathkayosaurus and Futalongkosaurus, may also have outclassed Sauroposeidon, but the fossil evidence attesting to their size is even more incomplete. In 2012, Sauroposeidon underwent a resurrection of sorts when two other (equally poorly understood) sauropod specimens were synonymized with it. The scattered fossils of Paluxysaurus and Pleurocoelus individuals, discovered near the Paluxy River in Texas, were assigned to Sauroposeidon, with the result that these two obscure genera may one day be synonymized themselves with the Poseidon Lizard. (Ironically, both Pleurocoelus and Paluxysaurus have served as the official state dinosaur of Texas; not only may these be the same dinosaur as Sauroposeidon, but all three of these sauropods may also have been the same as Astrodon, the official state dinosaur of Maryland. Isnt paleontology fun?) Judging from the still-limited evidence available, what set Sauroposeidon apart from other enormous, elephant-legged, small-brained sauropods and titanosaurs was its extreme height. Thanks to its unusually long neck, this dinosaur may have towered 60 feet into the sky--high enough to peek into a sixth-floor window in Manhattan, if any office buildings had existed during the middle Cretaceous period! However, its unclear if Sauroposeidon actually held its neck to its full vertical height, as this would have placed enormous demands on its heart; one theory is that it swept its neck and head parallel to the ground, sucking up low-lying vegetation like the hose of a giant vacuum cleaner. By the way, you may have seen an episode of the Discovery Channel show Clash of the Dinosaurs stating that Sauroposeidon juveniles grew to huge sizes by eating insects and small mammals. This is so far from accepted theory that it seems to have been completely made up; to date, theres absolutely no evidence that sauropods were even partly carnivorous. There is, however, some speculation that prosauropods (the distant Triassic ancestors of the sauropods) may have pursued omnivorous diets; perhaps a Discovery Channel intern got his research mixed up! (Or perhaps the same TV network that enjoys making up facts about Megalodon simply doesnt care whats true and whats false!)

Research Paper Tobacco Industry - 3059 Words

Kathy Dixon December 9, 2012 MGT 430: Business, Government, and Society Research Paper: Tobacco Industry Dixon 1 Table of Contents Introduction 2 History 3 Corporate Stakeholders 4 Role of the tobacco industry in its social, economic, and political setting 7 Domestic and International Ethics 9 Ecological and Natural Resources 10 Social Issues 11 Rating of Social Responsiveness 11 Rating in relation to the Saint Leo Core Values 12 Dixon 2 Introduction The use of tobacco is a very controversial topic here in the United States. The harmful side effects of tobacco are well known and consequently, many believe that it should be outlawed. Though this has not yet occurred, constant regulations on the industry and†¦show more content†¦Shareholders are stakeholders, but stakeholders are only shareholders if they own stock. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), corporate stakeholders have a very important role, not only within the business for the community as well. Good corporate governance helps...to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide range of constituencies, as well as the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole (1999). Health concerns are the primary issue for nearly all of the stakehold ers. Employees care about their job security and integrity for their occupations. The government is responsible for ensuring the safety and overall welfare of its community. If tobacco is known as a health hazard to the citizens, then it is the responsibility of the government to act on it. The customers of the tobacco industry are another huge factor. Of course, they care about their health, the ingredients of the product, the quality, the cost, etc. Then there are the owners and shareholders who, while they may also care about the reputation of the business, they are mainly concerned with the continuation of the corporation and the profits from it. The interests and actions of each of theseShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of The Tobacco Industry974 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 1950s, the Tobacco industry was in disarray over the release of a scientific paper, on several mediums, that demonstrated the connection between the carcinogens in cigarette smoke to several types of cancer . In reaction to this devastating paper, Tobacco executives banded together along with a public relations firm, R.J. Reynolds, in order to shroud the reality of the situation; the actions taken by the Tobacco industry, ranging from funding distracting research to using public figuresRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertising And The Conflict Of Interest That It Presents1126 Words   |  5 PagesBan on Tobacco Advertisement in India The discussion of advertising tobacco products is a controversial topic, there are relevant points on both sides of the argument, so it is hard to determine a true ethical decision. India’s government announced the bill banning tobacco companies from advertising their products in February 2001, their goal is to prevent adolescents from taking up smoking or any other form of tobacco products. 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It has been said that tobacco plants have grown in North and South America since 6,000 B.C.1. It was also believed that tobacco had many healing qualities which made its use widespread2. In the 17th... Premium 14136 Words 57 Pages Smoking Tobacco smokingRead MoreBan On Advertising For Tobacco Smoking901 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertising for tobacco smoking. On Feb 6, 2001, the Government of India announced they would impose a ban on advertising for tobacco smoking. Healthcare reports identified smoking tobacco was the leading cause of preventable deaths. Smoking tobacco caused cancer, lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The increase in illness and death related to tobacco smoking prompted the Indian Government to propose a ban of all forms of tobacco advertisingRead MoreThe Dangers Of Passive Smoking1293 Words   |  6 PagesPassive smoking, is known as â€Å"second hand smoke† or â€Å"environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)†. Passive smoking occurred when the non-smoker people breathe in the chemical that released from surrounding smoker’s cigarette, or being exposed in smoke environment. It also comprises â€Å"sidestream† s moke from the burning tip of the cigarette and â€Å"mainstream† smoke which is smoke that has been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker. It is a real threat to public health, however, people ignore or look down upon thisRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 Pageschose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many different forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In the paper The Washington Times an article caught my interest called†D.C. seeks bans on smoking in national parks† written by Steven Dinan. In this article heRead MoreE-Cigarette1180 Words   |  5 PagesBA 3103-015 Critical Analysis Paper: 1 E-CIGARETTE Big tobacco companies are betting on e-cigarettes. Why are tobacco companies investing in a product that will directly compete with their most profitable product, cigarettes? With the use of these analytical frameworks it will help us to better understand this situation. PEST PEST Analysis of Global Trends – 2011-2016 Political * Increased emphasis in healthcare | Economic * Recovering/GrowingRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Among Young People1270 Words   |  6 Pages A review of smoking amongst young people The tobacco industry has lured young people to start smoking by its advertising; they are unaware of the harmful risks that come about from smoking and the complications that arise. As for the industry the main goal is to make money; the value of the tobacco industry makes about 12.1 billion a year and around 66,000 jobs or more are linked to this industry. 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Chemicals in Food free essay sample

Those hard-to-pronounce chemicals that are in the list of ingredients on the label are used for more than just flavoring, appearance, and preserving the food (Food Additives). Those additives are used in some other very harsh items such as bug repellent (Food Additives). However, there are some simple and sustainable options that can help consumers avoid running into harsh chemicals and additives that may be lurking in their food. These changes will not only help them make healthier and safer choices, but also help them to save some money in the long run. Many unanswered questions will be addressed within this paper such as: What are the hormones in some of the foods such as dairy and meat and what exactly are they used for? How do they affect us? What can consumers do to avoid purchasing these items? How can one avoid unsafe drinking water and are additives really that bad? According to Credit Loan, Americans consume on average 110 pounds of red meat a year, 600. 5 pounds of dairy products (not including cheese), and 31. 4 pounds of cheese a year (Food Consumption in America). The common theme here is that all of these food groups come from cows. It is not, however, that we are eating cattle and beef, but what that cattle is being fed into its body. â€Å"In 2005, 32. 5 million cattle were slaughtered to provide beef for U. S. consumers. Scientists believe about two-thirds of American cattle raised in for slaughter today are injected with hormones to make them grow faster (Sustainable Table). † This does not include hormones used for the increased production of dairy/milk. With just beef alone, there are six natural and artificial hormones that are injected into cattle and they include: Oestradiol, Progesterone and Testosterone (these are natural occurring hormones). Then there are Zeranol, Trenbolone and Melengestrol (these are artificial hormones) (Sustainable Table). Although there has not been any significant case studies done on these hormones, scientists believe that these hormones pose some threats to human health. â€Å"The Committee [European Union’s Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health] also question whether hormones residues in the meat of ‘growth enhanced’ animals can disrupt human hormone balance, causing developmental problems, interfering with the reproductive system, and even leading to the development of breast, prostate or colon cancer (Sustainable Table). Scientists also believe that those at the greatest risk are children, women who are pregnant and unborn babies (Sustainable Table). â€Å"Hormone residues in beef have been implicated in the early onset of puberty of girls, which could put them at greater risk of developing breast and other forms of cancer† (Sustainable Table). However, health risk of humans is not the only factor. Aquatic ecosystems are being greatly affected by hormone residue in the manure of cows by contaminating run-off and groundwater. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to hormones has a substantial effect on the gender and reproductive capacity of fish, throwing off the natural life cycle† (Sustainable Table). The United States and Canada, however, continue to allow the growth hormones to be injected. The European Union does not, and they strictly prohibit trade with the U. S. and Canada on hormone-treated beef. Injecting growth hormones into cattle is not the only kind of hormone they are being given either. RBGH is a hormone that gets injected into cattle for an increase production of milk. Developed and Manufactured by Monsanto Corporation, this genetically engineered hormone forces cows to artificially increase milk production by 10 to 15 percent† (Sustainable Table). The natural hormone for growth and lactation is Bovine Somatotropin. When it is man-made it is known as rBST or better known as rBGH. â€Å"Approximately 17% of all cows in the US are given the artificial growth hormone† (Sustainable Table). FDA approved the drug in 1993. However, â€Å"According to opponents of the drug, effects of rBGH were never properly studied,† (Sustainable Table). RBGH poses many health risks to the cows and what is effecting the cows, could quite possibly effect us. â€Å"Problems included an alarming rise in the number of deformed claves and dramatic increases in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder which causes inflammation, swelling, and pus and blood secretions into milk† (Sustainable Table). IGF-1 (Insulin Growth Factor-1) is a naturally occurring hormone in human bodies. It is also is in rBGH. â€Å"Humans also naturally have IGF-1, and increased levels in humans have been linked to colon and breast cancer† (Sustainable Table). America consumes about 31. 4 pounds of cheese every year, along with 600. 5 pounds of other dairy products (Food Consumption in America). â€Å"In 2006, the United States dairy industry produced over 20 billion gallons of milk. This milk is pasteurized and sold, or transformed into cheese, butter, cream, and ice cream for consumers in the U. S. and around the world† (Sustainable Table). However, it was never this simple. Back in the 1700’s milk was not a familiar drink and was not studied enough. The conditions under which the milk and the cows were kept were not clean. There was no form of refrigeration and insects could easily be accessible to milk that was left out (Sustainable Table). It was not until the end of the 19th century when pasteurization was invented (Sustainable Table). Pasteurization means â€Å"to expose (a food, as milk, cheese, yogurt, beer, or wine) to an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to destroy certain microorganisms, as those that can produce disease or cause spoilage or undesirable fermentation of food, without radically altering taste or quality† (Dictionary). However, this may not be enough. Farmers are continuing to use the rBGH, antibiotics, and high-concentrated feed for the increase production of milk (Sustainable Table). In a way, it is benefitting the consumer. By injecting these artificial hormones, the cows are producing almost four times as much milk as they previously were, in turn, is cutting down the cost of milk and other dairy products (Sustainable Table). â€Å"The biggest fear surrounding this breeding technique is the eventual inability to ward off viruses or mutation in the dairy cow’s DNA chain, resulting in rapid spread of disease and possible death† (Sustainable Table). Because of the growing concern of all the use of artificial hormone, slowly, more dairies are turning to organic. â€Å"While organic milk makes up only 1% of the dairy market, demand has increased 477% between 1997 and 2003† (Sustainable Table). Hopefully, the trend continues to increase so the food becomes less processed and more natural at healthy level. For the most part, Americans include water in their daily diet somehow during the day. Whether it is rinsing their mouths out from brushing their teeth, drinking water, or using it to swallow down a pill, water is a part of most people’s life style. However, it is not as clean as most people would think. A team of researchers out of Washington State has found traces of illicit drugs, hormones, and cooking spices in drinking water. The team found that certain spices â€Å"spike during the holidays. â€Å"For instance, thyme and sage spike during Thanksgiving, cinnamon surges all winter, chocolate and vanilla show up during the weekends (presumably from party-related goodies), and waffle cone and caramel-corn remnants skyrocket around the Fourth of July† (Cocaine, Spices, Hormones Found in Drinking Water). But as stated earlier, harmless Cooking spices are not the only traces of remnants in drinking water being found/. â€Å"Around the world, scientists are finding trace amounts of substances-from sugar and spice to heroin, rocket fuel, and birth control-that might be having unintended consequences for humans and wildlife alike† (Drinking Water). One may be wondering how drugs get into the drinking water system. â€Å"After a person has taken drugs such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and ecstasy, active byproducts of these substances are released into the sewage stream through that person’s urine and feces. These byproducts, or metabolites, are often not completely removed during the sewage –treatment process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Drinking Water). This not only may post a threat to human health, but it poses a threat to the marine life as well. â€Å"Though these drugs traces are still tiny, it’s possible that the potent residues could be toxic to freshwater animals† (Drinking Water). There are still strict regulations from the EPA on the contaminates in drinking water that must be followed. The EPA claims that more than 90 contaminants must be filtered out of drinking water systems (Drinking Water). Richard Keil said something that everyone can take into consideration. He stated; â€Å"’that everything you do is connected to the watershed† (Drinking Water). It is a simply message with a very strong meaning; No matter what one person eats, takes, or drinks, it is somehow later going to affect something or somebody and without any control. Almost half of an American’s diet includes fruits and vegetables. About 273. 2 pounds of fruit and 415. 4 pounds of vegetables are eaten (Food Consumption in America). However, these suppose to be healthy foods could be potentially dangerous to our health. Pesticides are used on almost every major crop. â€Å"Pesticides are chemicals used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity. The most common pesticides are insecticides (to kill insects), herbicides (to kill weeds), rodenticides (to kill rodents), and fungicides (to control fungi, mold, and mildew)† (Sustainable Table). Pesticides are not a new invention at all. They date back all the way to the ancient Sumerians’ time. The makeup of pesticides ranged anywhere from elemental sulfur, to chemicals such as arsenic and lead (Sustainable Table). It was not until the 19th century that the use of pesticides became more geared to natural techniques such as â€Å"roots of topical vegetables and chrysanthemums† (Sustainable Table). DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) was discovered in 1939 and was extremely successful, however a huge concern came into effect with its health impact on humans (Sustainable Table). Not only are the pesticides being sprayed on the fruits and vegetables that are eaten, but it also be sprayed on grains as well. This may not seem like that big of deal on a global scale, but when one looks at the cycle of how it effects humans, it is quite concerning. Grains are in all breads, no matter if it is super bleached or straight off of the wheat barley. Therefore, it is a direct source. However, the grains are being fed to livestock as well. In fact, 66% of the grain grown in the U. S. is used for livestock feed (Sustainable Table). â€Å"This grain is grown by intensive farming operations that use massive quantities of pesticides while producing problems such as pesticide resistance in insects and weeds, and pollution of nearby water supplies with toxic chemicals† (Sustainable Table). It is not as common to use manure as a type of soil, but it is definitely not out of the question. The tainted manure could be used to grow the fruits and vegetable crops, that will then again be sprayed with more pesticides, which after awhile, the dead material and soil will run off as ground water, or to a straight water supplies and pollute the water (Sustainable Table). As stated earlier, this will not only affect marine life, but human drinking water. When and if this water goes through sewage treatment plants, not all of the pesticide chemicals will be removed. So not only will humans be ingesting chemicals from the fruits and vegetables, but possibly their drink and meat as well! Pesticides are a public health concern and have been linked to a range of diseases and disorders. Many chemical pesticides are known to cause poisoning, infertility and birth defects, as well as damage to the nervous system and potentially cause cancer† (Sustainable Table). The most susceptible to these conditions are small children. â€Å"According to data collected by the Centers for Dise ase Control and Prevention, the average American child between ages six and eleven carriers four times the acceptable level of pesticides called organophosphates (which are known to cause nerve damage)† (Sustainable Table). The CDC also conducted a blood and urine test in 2004 and that in 100% of the subjects pesticide residues were found. â€Å"Two insecticides- chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion- were found at levels up to 4. 6 times greater than what the U. S. government deems acceptable† (Sustainable Table). Somebody has to take the blame for these absurd high numbers, the question is who to blame. Pesticide use goes through a rigorous test before any products that came in contact with pesticides are even put out on the shelves. Pesticides are tested and approved for use by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which establishes â€Å"tolerances,† or maximum residue levels, that limit the amount of a given pesticide that can safely remain in or on a food. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is then responsible for monitoring pesticide levels on fruits and vegetables, while the Department of Agriculture (USDA) is charged with the task of surveying pesticide residues in meat, eggs , and dairy products† (Sustainable Table).

Ethical Issues For Business Communication

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues For Business Communication. Answer: Introduction: The perception and approving reflection of ethical issues in communication strategies highpoints the technique of commercial interpretation of healthier outlooks in exchange of interactive polices with an exceptional and amazing challenge to activate an innovative expedition in the domain of business accomplishments. There might be abundant occasions to sightsee the potentialities as well as aptitudes, services and propensities of the industrial undertakings that recruit the footstep of fashioning unique stuffs of creation to entice the public responsiveness (Dhliwayo, 2014). The irreplaceable methods of rational pattern of expressing opinions and apportioning the accessible resources accentuate on the supervisory capabilities to magnificently run a professional unit. The presentation of trading avenues of business pursuits of wide-ranging species of divergent classes of yields shapes up a resilient stage to breed communal, financial, legal as well as ecological consciousness amongst the clients and the illustrious stakeholders who ensure substantial contribution in the expansion of commercial innovativeness (Peck et al. 2012). The business tycoons may perhaps create optimistic trials and chases to competently accomplish the inconspicuous movements required to continue in the course of reaching substantial returns. The forerunner of the business must adapt to the pronouncements of distinguished management panache and display pioneering networks of communication policies amid the numerous performers of the association. Reviewing players performances of organizational effort (comprehensive enlightenments with key expressions) : According to the dictums of Mattson (2012), the initiative elements of novel means of communicating spirits in the business fundamentally rest on the enactment of constituents in addition to paraphernalia offered with conveniences of appropriate manpower, suitable economic possessions, prospect of development, technical succor, delivery of raw ingredients to applicable spheres, supply chain organization to control the movement of completed substances to reputable functioning midpoints etc. The promising sustenance of prevalent trend of management principles enclosed within the jurisdiction of the culture of internal and peripheral settings of the regional and global backgrounds and consequently discreet situations of beneficial actions might bridge the communication gap (Cook, 2011). The process of managing the purchasers also positions as a vivacious component of generating business connections as found in Marks and Spencer, Toyota Company, Tesco Plc., Samsung and other leading organizations. The contemporary essay describes the productive landscapes of the interactive challenges of business establishments. The trendsetter and designer of commercial inventiveness comprising the competences and strategies of business extension transversely through the national or international locales constitute the principal forms of communication with the varied societies. The cultural multitudes depict the variables of dealings with the populace defining the geographic, religious, communal, moral, and behavioral customs. The professionals of distinctive types of trade endeavor to demonstrate them as the prominent investors in the zone of industrial exploration with astonishing miracles to motivate the community. In the contemporary technocratic domain, there are different trading areas, workshops, and supplies that socialize the promotional essence of merchandizes and amenities in addition to the interpretation of trademark image of the substances produced as illustrated by the organiza tions of Apple, Larsen and Toubro, IBM etc. (www.researchgate.net 2015). There are accessible compensations of procuring the objects through online devices based on internet operations to facilitate the people. Dhliwayo (2014) addressed that the businessmen have a leading share to prolifically establish the commercial actions rendering to the astuteness, physical and regulatory competences. In accordance with the theory of formation and revolution, the purposes of productivity are related with the hazards of diverse working assemblages convoying with the boldness which construct the typical topographies of business plans and depicts the peripheral latent competitions. It spots the challenging essence to pact with in-house market examination and ensures an imposing valuation of the present practice and values of expanses of commercial objectives. Reviewing communication and teamwork: The assets and flaws of the industrialist require to be arbitrated before introduction of an innovative speculation to successfully move in the direction of the occupational intentions. The groundbreaker must diagnose the buyers desires, the gratification of the affiliates who possess friendly associations with the functional group. An efficacious business is instituted on the doctrines of impeccable communicating messages for the seamless exploitation of the quantifiable as well as human possessions with a composed brashness to bestow the principal currency in varied arrangements as essential for team work (Luo, 2012). The interior and outward features of interactive integrities is extremely required from the producer who pushes the diverse groups of employees to labor in combined method for fashioning competitive expansion together with the innovativeness in addition to the contribution of the accomplices. The organizers of the business corporations require emphasizing the starring role of resourcefulness besides imagination to mature the commercial targets. They are entitled to discover the occasions of seizing the marketplace provinces with inspired quintessence of perception of clients views and expectations. The attitude of assurance and support can encourage the foremost and specialized personnel to move forward in stable strides. The ever-changing approach of taste of patrons stimulates the creative essence to harvest some varied species of amazing mechanisms which would demand the thoughtfulness of the community headed for the construction capabilities (Park and Jeongeun. 2014). There must be no conciliation with the excellence of artifacts and enlargement drive to present novel openings. The companies usually tend to produce value centered facilities for the clienteles of the ingenious attempts and continue to penetrate different marketplaces with exclusive category of outputs of teamwork. There needs to be unremitting enhancements of industrial measures and employment of mechanisms and paraphernalia to practice a transformation in the functioning environments (Kotler, 2012). The structure of novel ideas besides harvests emerges out of fruitful and groundbreaking concentration of the executives of diverse range of institutions. They are endowed with enthusiastic viewpoint though there chances of materializations of upsurge in values of fresh resources including products concerned in the procedure of implantation. There might be deficiency of employees, determinations of workforces, perfect patterns of supply provisions, anomalies of equipment and products etc. to generate different modes of complications. The modernized people are sensible of the brand identity and incline to purchase the goods devising constructive variety of creation (Chernatony and McDonald, 2012). The buyers prefer to communicate with the obtainable assets that aid to stage the latitude of fashioning lucrative facilities and motivate the individuals to acquire the benefits at judicious values. There may ascend convinced powers of threats pertaining to the resources, providing of harve sts at suitable scheduling, industry budget, likelihood of compensations of substances while transporting, nonexistence of adequate raw ingredients, passionate accomplishment with added contestants and so on. The controlling of menaces need to be adeptly held by the operative fabrication of the constituents rendering to the situational demands. The competing partners engender varied procedures of resources which fascinate the community (www.researchgate.net 2016). There happens to exist different beneficial efforts to fashion compacted grounds of consistent device for promoting of harvests and computerized office management. The industrial progression has entered a vigorous tread in the evolution of workplace drudgery that comforts the well-designed entity to develop the existing possessions with team strength. The processes connected to back office trades are precisely endorsed with restructured methods of software in addition to hardware apparatuses (Cervone, 2010). The industrialists introduce space controlling practice to upsurge the accomplishments associated to transactions that call upon diverse customers to the administrative centers and evaluate the valuation of manufactured goods consistent with the necessities and demands of the marketplace. The outstanding preferences of the clienteles as regards the qualitative assertion, fondness of standards, natures, dimensions and category of matters in implementing the decisions for acquiring the prerequisite objects focus on the up-to-date fashions of trade as demonstrated by communicating channels of Burberry, Coca Cola, IBM, TCS etc. Linking team-work Communicating Philosophies with Ethical impressions: The actions correlated with the union of dealers attempt to infiltrate the exhilarating and profitable proposals that motivate them to strengthen their relations. The approbation of earnings is extremely conventional and the period of compensation lies in the precincts of specified times. The supply system groundwork is productively organized by the passionate essence besides the influence of firm effort and trustworthiness of the executives or directors of companies. The consequence of the reassurance structure of safeguarded information of the patrons for the excellence in addition to arduous and acceptable presentations from the commencement of formation of the association leads the designer to secure the position of the entity in a contented situation amid the players like The Commonwealth Bank, Woolworths National Australian Bank, Westpac Bank of Australia etc. (Parameswaran et al. 2011). As stated by the concept of strategic examination, the inexpensive advantage fabricates in signifying the standards of specialized and occupational events, assortment principles of the premeditated packages and strategies lengthways with the essential zones of operative factors with an steadfast method of challenging other creativities varied competitors (Mulnix,. 2013). The provincial centers of processes have wide-ranging contending clutches that remain indebted to diverse provisions articulating similar type of merchandises with precise arrays of values. The appreciating custom has been stringently shadowed to harvest a typical category of prices which would be unvaryingly dispersed within the supplies. This has produced the undeviating assessment policy of vibrant stuffs of conception. The regulars observe the compulsory elements while surfing the websites and significant forms of media publications to value the advertising policies of the institute. The stresses of the customers are effortlessly predicted by the higher forms of expertise services with technological skills performed by the capable and experienced connoisseurs who plan for the designing of sites to ease the publics. As said by Henfridsson et al. (2014), the promotional settings of the merchandises and amenities can be candidly accessible in the social sites of the browsers besides correspondence through mailing facilities which invented superior apparatuses for advertising and dealing of substances with the clients. The personalities can acquire the specific object or services by conveying instructions through the identified features of networking tools. Nevertheless, Mullins and Walker (2013) sketched that the transference of the requisite objects will influence the targeted spectators according to the directions and strategies assumed to the comprehensive individuals consistent with the technique of the conveyance opportunities. The targeted onlookers are recognized to recapture its setup in the rivalry of status of presentation of harvests and accomplish the dealings of schedules as per business facilities. The linkage and coordination of arbitrators communicates the clienteles with the business group and institutes a robust groundwork of the operational services. The operational broadcasting prescribes the formulae of the structure of persuasive presentation of ethical spirits of communication. The professional section entails to recommend the various systems analysts and arrangements to conquest with the challengers in the rivalry. Mitra (2012) quantified that the possessions of the professional industry enfolds the social capacities and assistances, influence and practice of industrialized efforts, value of the hard work, the provision of raw ingredients, the apparatuses, the methodical arrangement of tools, and supplementary entities. The practical and logical events along with the conveniences and delivery of merchandises fundamentally rest on the social contacts in addition to appreciative realization of execution of responsibilities by the liable personnel. The outlay of the assets accompanied by the infrastructures and communicating policies for conveyance control of physical resources enhances the outgoings of the formation and production of substances for ethical consideration (Mulnix, 2013). The excellence of stuffs is likewise a vigorous feature of fabrication. Merit of product values Overall Budget Innovation Efficiency of ethical functioning Figure: Strategic interpretation of ethical awareness (Source: Clarke et al. 2014, pp- 27) The skill of the commercial management of the managers of leading enterprises arises from the essence of high-class, unique, benign and delicate provision of the possessions. The explanation of supply instituted theoretical concept exposes that the challenging entities need not be competent to rule the well-designed entity grounded on these possessions. Dahln et al. (2010) outlined that the seamless forecasting and conniving prospects of the arrangement of the production need to be dependent on the assets and night be modernized if it is desirable. The logical and physical prosperity - all-encompassing of capital treasures are customarily effective in the course of the business dealings and obligation of the essence of competence over and done with the dynamic practice of communicative apparatuses. The dimensions of the group signify the summation of the discovery of the approaches of operation of the possessions. The physical, communal, monetary and virtuous awareness with scientifi c support establish the approaches that benefit to limit the principles of competition policy (Cook, 2011). The industrialists can fix the differentiation strategy of market regions rendering to the stage of development of individuals or collections of people, subjective assortments and likings, topographical situations of the zones they belong to, in addition to compactness of populaces etc. The broadcasting system through the intervention of varied types of media has been moderately domineering in computing the acquaintance and accrued evidence as regards the communal attentiveness, their attitudes and feedbacks counter to the presented objects being sponsored and vended by the prominent resourcefulness of the institutes (Langen, 2013). The Market grounded theoretical Principles inspect and segment the proportional analysis of the objective for the detailed study of the units of the market and practice the appropriate preparation of the unadulterated set of performances for practical exploration. The condition of the commercial association surrounded by the marketplace plugs the virtual breakdown of the consequence and influence of other companies to augment the manufacturing division. The premeditated explanation outstanding to the activities of the entity is allied to the unique presentations of the modernization of artifacts (Park and Jeongeun, 2014). Consequently, there is a requirement of healthy state of affairs of suitable communication strategies to ensemble the rudiments of the marketplace tradition. In the modern age, the networking implements produce a justifiable stage to outline a tangible structural design of system links to interlace the different occupations. The customary scheme of captivating a characteristic procedure of availing the choices and indicating the harvests of fondness of obtaining propensities has been substituted by the contemporary methods and performances. The clienteles tend to fathom the intrinsic landscapes of the goods that have potentials of generating market values besides the allotment of relevant spaces embedded in the stuffs of the fabrication of the equivalent serviceable entities. The objective of the clienteles is determined on the standing of the trademarked substances in addition to the subsequent possessions of the buying decisions (Venkatesan et al. 2010). The post acquiring facilities are prominently reflected by the patrons while accepting the discerning matters. Conclusion: The assessment method consists of numerous thinking proclivities and facilities accompanying by means of the all-inclusive designs of the manufactured goods and the amenities evaluated by the patrons. The likes as well as disinclinations are powerfully connected to the emotional feature of the customers who deliberates the predilections dedicated with the feelings and opinions. The consumers who favor to determine the elements commonly contemplate on the essence of the ethical approaches, the frame of mind and judgments involved with the characteristics of the consumptions besides the maintenance of the substances. The customers often compare the products with similar other items of the same and other leading enterprises and judges the merits and demerits of the characteristics of the products and the interaction of the authorities of the online and offline stores (Kotler, 2012). The argument of the visions and the prospects of strategies of the principles of communicatio n with the respective outlets of facilities deliver the policy for the formation of the status of the specific ideologies of the business. The innovativeness need the dealings with the appropriate assertiveness in addition to the morals of behavior with the clienteles and produces the classical category of goods that are chosen by the regulars. Consumers Procurement Decision (Source: Cemal et al. 2011) References Bass, B. (2010) The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York, NY: Simon Schuster. Cemal, Z., Azize S., Hakan K., Mehtap . (2011) "The Effects of Brand Communication and Service Quality In Building Brand Loyalty Through Brand Trust; The Empirical Research On Global Brands", Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 12181231 Cervone, H. (2010). Emerging technology, innovation, and the digital library. OCLC Systems and Services: International digital library perspectives, 26(4), pp.239-242. Chernatony, L. McDonald, M. (2012) Creating Powerful Brands, 4th ed. London: Routledge - Page 244 Chiavetta, D. Porter, A. (2013). Tech mining for innovation management. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 25(6), pp.617-618. Clarke, Theresa B., Irvine Clarke. (2014) A Competitive and Experiential Assignment In Search Engine Optimization Strategy. Marketing Education Review 24.1: pp 25-30. Conger, J. A. Riggio, R. E. (2012) The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders, 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Cook, S. (2011) Customer Care Excellence: How to Create Effective Customer Focus. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Dahln, M., Lange, F. Smith, T. (2010) Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach. Page 74, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. Day, D. V., Harrison, M. M. Halpin, S. M. (2012) An Integrative Approach to Leader Development, 3rd ed. New York: Free Press. Dhliwayo, S. (2014). Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy: An Integrative Approach. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), pp.115-135. Henfridsson, O., Mathiassen, L. and Svahn, F. (2014). Managing technological change in the digital age: the role of architectural frames. J Inf Technol, 29(1), pp.27-43. Kotler, P. (2012). Marketing management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Langen, N. (2013). Ethics in Consumer Choice. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Gabler. Luo, J. (2012). Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer. Mattson, E. (2012). Promotion and Marketing Communications. New Delhi: World Technologies. Mitra, J. (2012). Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Mullins, J. Walker, O. (2013). Marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mulnix, M. W. (2013) Small Business Entrepreneurship: Utilizing Open Systems Structure to Gain Global Market Share, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness, 1(1), 3-49 Parameswaran, M. G Jacob, I. (2011) Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. 7thed. New York: Kaplan Publishing Park Jeongeun. (2014). 'The Differences Between Product And Process Innovation And Implications For Marketing Strategy'. JMT 01.03: pp 32-39. Peck, H., Christopher, M. Clark, M. (2012) Relationship Marketing, 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall Theecologist.org, (2016). The Ecologist: Environment, Climate Change, News, Eco, Green, Energy - The Ecologist. [online] Available at: https://www.theecologist.org/ [Accessed 19 Sept. 2016] Venkatesan, R., McAllister, L. Ganesan, S. (2010) CRM in Data Rich Multi-channel Retailing Environments: A Review and Future Research Directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24(2) www.researchgate.net (2016). About: The role of creativity in Entrepreneurship from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46510531_The_Role_of_Creativity_in_ Entrepreneurship [Accessed 19 Sept. 2016]

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Essay Example

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Paper Students should realize that different organizations place different values on customer waiting time. Ask students to consider different scenarios, from a drive-through restaurant to a doctors office to a registration line in their college or motor vehicle office. It becomes clear that organizations place different values on their customers time (with most colleges and Dams unfortunately placing minimal cost on waiting time). Teaching Suggestion 14. 3: use of Poisson and Exponential Probability Distributions to Describe Arrival and Service Rates. These two distributions are very common in basic models, but students should not take their appropriateness for granted. As a project, ask students to visit a bank or drive-through restaurant ND time arrivals to see if they indeed are Poisson distributed. Note that other distributions (such as exponential, normal, or Erelong) are often more valid. Teaching Suggestion 14. 4: Balking and Reneging Assumptions, Note that most queuing models assume that balking and reneging are not permitted. Since we know they do occur in supermarkets, what can be done? This is one of many places to prepare students for the need for simulation, the topic of the next chapter. Teaching Suggestion 14. 5: use of Queuing Software The Excel KM and KM for Windows queuing software modules are among the easiest models n the program to use since there are so few inputs. Yet students should be reminded of how long it would take to produce the programs in Chapter 14 by hand. Teaching Suggestion 14. 6: Importance Of LLC and Was in Economic Analysis. Although many parameters are computed for a queuing study, the two most important ones are LLC and Was when it comes to an actual cost analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Teaching Suggestion 14. 7: Teaching the New England Foundry Case. Here is a tip for this very teachable case. About half the students who tackle the case forget that time walking to the counter must be noted and that the return time also needs to be added. ALTERNATIVE EXAMPLES Alternative Example 14. 1: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by one employee. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people Will arrive at the desk at the rate of 20 per hour. It takes an average of 2 minutes to answer a question. It is assumed that arrivals are Poisson and answer times are exponentially distributed. A. Find the probability that the employee is idle. B. Find the proportion of the time that the employee is busy. C. Find the average number of people receiving and waiting to receive information. D. Find the average number f people waiting in line to get information. E. Find the average time a person seeking information spends at the desk. F. Find the expected time a person spends just waiting in line to have a question answered. ANSWER: a. B. C. L 20/hour 1 0. 6 20 30 20 1 2030 30/hour . 33 33% 2 people q (1 (20)2 1. 33 people ) 3030 20) 1 0. 1 hour 30 20 Wq 20 30130 20) 0. 0667 hours Alternative Example 14. 2: In Alternative Example 14. 1 the information desk employee earns $5/hour. The cost of waiting time, in terms of customer unhappiness with the mall, is 512/hour of time spent waiting in line. Vind the total expected costs over an 8hour day. . The average person waits 0. 0667 hour and there are 160 arrivals per day. So total waiting time (1 10. 67 hours @ $12/hour, implying a waiting cost of $128/day. b. The salary cost is $40/day. C. Total costs are $128 $40 $168/day. 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 218 CHAPTER 14 WAITING LINE AND QUEUING THEORY MODELS Alternative Example 14. 3: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by two employees. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people will arrive at the desk distributed. A. Find the proportion of the time that the employees are idle. B. Find he average number Of people waiting in the system. C. Pin the expected time 3 person spends waiting in the system. ANSWER: (servers). A. P 20/hour, 30/hour, M 2 open channels SOLUTIONS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 14-1. The waiting line problem concerns the question of finding the ideal level of service that an organization should provide. The three components of a queuing system are arrivals, waiting line, and service facility. 14-2, The seven underlying assumptions are: 1. Arrivals are FIFO. 2. There is no balking or reneging. 3. Arrivals are independent. 4 Arrivals are Poisson. 5. Service times are independent. . Service times are negative exponential. 7. Average service rate exceeds average arrival rate, 14-3, The seven operating characteristics are: 1. Average number to customers in the system (L) 2. Average time spent in the system (W) 3, Average number in the queue (LLC) 4. Average time in the queue (Was) 5. Utilization factor ( ) 6. Percent idle time (Pop) 7. Probability there are more than K customers in the system 1 (20 10! Icily 123 911 J 1312 II (6020) J b. / 3012 (1 2012 12 J 20 30 (J 1, 600121 L 3/ 420 23 112 812 912 3 people p 4 144. If the service rate is not greater than the arrival rate, an infinite queue will eventually build up. 4-5. First-in, first-out (FIFO) is often not applicable. Some examples are (I) hospital emergency rooms, (2) an elevator, (3) an airplane trip, (4) a small store where the shopkeeper serves whoever can get his or her attention first, (5) a computer system set to accept priority runs, (6) a college registration system that allows juniors and seniors to register ahead of freshmen and sophomores, (7) a restaurant that may seat a party Of 2 before a party Of 4 even though the latter group arrived earlier, (8) a garage that repairs cars with minor problems before it works on major overhauls. 4-6. Examples Of finite ensuing situations include (1) a firm that has only 3 or 4 machines that need servicing, (2) a small airport at which only 10 or 15 flights land each day, (3) a classroom that seats only 30 students for class, (4) a physician who has a limited number of patients, and (5) a hospital ward with only 20 patients who need care. 14-7. A. Barbershop: usually a single-channel, multiplicities system (if there is more than one barber). Arrivals Waiting line Service customers wanting haircuts seated customers who informally recognize who arrived first among them haircut, style, shampoo, and so forth: it service involves barber, then shampooing, hen manicurist, it becomes a multiphase system 3 her. 80 0. 0375 Alternative Example 14. 4: Three students arrive per minute at a coffee machine that dispenses exactly 4 cups/minute at a constant rate. Describe the operating system parameters. ANSWER: 3/millet 2 4/minute 9 4 3) was 1. 125 people in queue on average 3 0. 375 minutes in the queue waiting alls 1. 254 1. 87 people in the system 1 1 WA _375 4 0. 625 minutes in the system 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 219 b. Car wash: usually either a single-channel, single-server system, or else a system with each service bay having its own queue. Arrivals Waiting time Service arty cars or trucks cars in one line (or more lines if there are service parallel wash systems); always FIFO either multiphase (if car first vacuumed, then soaped, then sent through automatic cleaner, then dried by hand) or single-phase if all automatic or performed by one person 14-8. The vitiating time cost should be based on time in the queue in situations where the customer does not mind how long it takes to complete service once the service starts. The classic example of this is waiting in line for an amusement park ride. Waiting time cost should be based on the time in the system when the entire time is important to the customer. When a computer or an automobile is taken into the shop to be repaired, the customer is Without use Of the item until the service is finished. In such a situation, the time in the system is the relevant time. 4-9. The use Of Poisson to describe arrivals: a. Cafeteria: probably not. Most people arrive in groups and eat at the same time. B. Barbershop: probably acceptable, especially on a weekend, in which case people arrive at the same rate all day long. C. Hardware store: okay. D. Dentists office: usually not. Patients are most likely scheduled at IS. To 30. Minute intervals and do not arrive randomly. , College class: number of students come in groups at the beginning of class period; very few arrive during the class or very early before class. F. Movie theater: probably not if only one movie is shown (if there are four or more auditoriums each playing a different movie simultaneously, it may be okay). Patrons all tend to arrive in batches S to 20 minutes before a show, c. Laundromat: basically a single-channel, multiplexer, two-phase system. Arrivals Waiting line Service customers with dirty clothes usually first-come, first-served in terms of selecting an available machine first phase consists of washing clothes n washing machines; second-phase is again queuing for the first available drying machine d.

The Lightning Thief and References to Greek Mythology

'The Lightning Thief' and References to Greek Mythology Rick Riordans The Lightning Thief (the first volume of Riordans Percy Jackson and the Olympians series) mentions many names familiar from Greek mythology. Here youll find further information on the explicit mythological references and some more subtle mythological allusions. The order of the list below attempts to follow the sequence of mentions in the book as well as Riordans other references to Greek mythology. The Book Series The Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series consist of five books by author Rick Riordan. The first book, The Lightning Thief, focuses on Percy Jackson, who is about to get kicked out of boarding school for the second time. Mythological monsters and gods are after him and he only has ten days to rectify what they want from him.  In the second book, The Sea of Monsters, Percy finds trouble at Camp Half-Blood where mythological monsters are back. In order to save the camp and keep it from being destroyed, Percy needs to gather his friends.   The third book,  The Titans Curse, has Percy and his friends looking to see what happened to the goddess Artemis, who went missing and is believed to have been kidnapped.  They need to solve the mystery and save Artemis before the winter solstice. In the fourth book, The Battle of the Labyrinth, the war between the Olympians and Titan lord Kronos grows stronger as Camp Half-Blood becomes more vulnerable. Percy and his friends have to go on a quest in this adventure. In the fifth and final installment of the series, The Last Olympian  focuses on the half-bloods preparing for the war against the Titans. Knowing it is an uphill battle, the thrill is strong to see who will reign more powerful. About the Author Rick Riordan is most known for the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series but has also written the Kane Chronicles and the Heroes of Olympus. He is a #1 New York Times bestselling author and has won multiple awards for the mystery series for adults known as Tres Navarre. Mythological References KronosTitansZeus/JupiterTitanomachyFatesHadesMinotaurHerculesChironPegasusHeraApolloNymphsDionysusAphrodite/VenusPrometheusCentaurUnderworldHermesAresOracleNaiadsAthenaDemeterPoseidonLaurelHephaestusArtemisCerberusNemesisCyclopsTrojan WarCirceHydraPythonMaiaJasonMt. EtnaIliadGolden AgeGorgonsPanShower of GoldNemean LionZephyrChimeraIrisCupidArachneArachneAresArtemisAphrodite/VenusApolloAsphodel FieldsAthenaCentaurCerberusCharonChimeraChironCirceCupidCyclopsDemeterDionysusElysian FieldsEtnaFatesGolden AgeGorgonsHeraHadesHarpiesHeraHephaestusHerculesHermesHydraIliadIrisJasonJupiter/ZeusKronosLaurelLotusOracleMaiaMinotaur9 MusesMt. EtnaNaiadsNemean LionNemesisNereidNymphsPanPegasusPersephonePoseidonPrometheusPythonShower of GoldSisyphusTitanomachyTitansTrojan WarUnderworldUnderworld Judges - MinosVenus/AphroditeZephyrZeus/JupiterLotusNereidCharonAsphodel FieldsElysian FieldsDemeter9 MusesHarpiesAndromedaAntaeusBulls of ColchisCadmusCalypsoDryadsEurytionGanymedeGeryonGraeaeJanusLaistrygo nians Mt. OthrysPeleusPolyphemus

How Americas youth is being negativley influenced and brainwashed by Research Paper

How Americas youth is being negativley influenced and brainwashed by modern media (television,radio - Research Paper Example The globalization of media around the world has presented a lot of opportunities for young people and to assimilate a lot of information about things that is happening both within their community as well as the world over. The modern media is playing a huge role in shaping the personality of young people. However, the quality of programs has declined sharply over the years as today’s media depicts increased violent and sexual content which is being considered to have harmful effects on the minds of growing children (Gigli). The increasing access to satellite television and the internet to young children have raised serious concerns among parents, physicians and educators as media has taken up their role in shaping the mind and body of the growing youth. Media is now increasingly playing the role of educators and have become primary sources of information to youth. A recent survey in the US revealed that on an average youth spend about 8 hours using various forms of media inclu ding the television, internet, movies, radio, video games and cell phones. Among these interactive media video games and the internet could have both positive and negative impacts on youth. Viewing programs with violent and sexual content can have damaging consequences on their minds and profoundly impact their personality. Children engaging in virtual video games with violent content could have more serious consequences compared to that of passive media watching (Impact of Media and Technology on Youth). Physicians have also raised concerns about the profound negative impact of modern media on today’s youth. There is concrete evidence which supports a relationship between watching violence in media and increasing violent behavior among children and youth. Apart from which physicians are also concerned about another disturbing issue of childhood obesity and have attributed

Lean Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lean Manufacturing - Essay Example Current process The present procedure is one with an 8 hour shift for 20 days in a month, with both Fridays and Saturdays observed as off-days. The details of the 11 current operations being run can be seen in figure 1. Initially the present VSM or Value Stream Mapping has been developed. VSM is basically is a method to understand the dense relationship between each of the operations. It depicts time elapsed, non-conformance number, inventory and the flow of information between operations. The following advantages of VMS have been elaborated by Tapping, et al. (2002): a) Envision all of the flow of information and material used. b) Envision the relationship between operations and production control. c) Point out the waste sources in the system. d) Identify bottleneck operations. Afterwards statistical charts like bar chart, pie charts and waterfall charts are constructed. For this purpose, all the activities in the operation that that value or non-value added, must be highlighted. Va lue added activity is one which creates value, as customers perceive it. On the other hand, non-value activities are those, for which, the customer will not be liable to pay for. For this reason all non-value activities should be removed from the process immediately. In this scenario, cycle time is a value added activity whereas the set-up time and waiting time are tagged as non-valuable activities. Reason behind future state The immediate target of the future plan is to nullify all non-valuable activities and wastes. Waste is described as the process that does not help in cost reduction and also as a process that doesn’t add to the product value. In total, waste can be categorized in seven parts: 1. Waiting 2. Needless inventory 3. Flaws 4. Transportation 5. Overproduction 6. Incorrect processing 7. Needless motion Nevertheless, another waste which is also considered in this list as the eight waste is over-employment, which means employees, whose services are not fully utili zed. This disease can only be curbed by the input of the employees in the company with innovations and better working ideas. Three major motives are involved in the consideration of lean manufacturing in the very first place. First and foremost is the expanding of the market at a global stage. Then comes, the higher demands of the customer in relation to quality and a better cost. Lastly, the old school methods are no longer accepted, for e.g. once a month delivery of the products to the customer. Lean manufacturing is an outstanding approach to achieve better operations, quality and cost wise. It is a sluggish process but contributes heavily to lessening of wastes. Additionally, it is more prone to increasing the quality of the process. The major motives behind VMS are listed and elaborated as follows: 1. TAKT time and bottleneck station TAKT is the essential element that has to be considered in lean manufacturing to meet the requirements of the customer. According to Carreiera (20 05), TAKT is defined as â€Å"the frequency with which your customer consumes a unit of product†. In simple words, it can be established about TAKT time that, it is the time available for producing a product which is parallel to the needs of the customer. TAKT time can be calculated by the following formula: If the time of the process is less than the

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so Essay

Why is the subject of migration in this period c.300-1087 so controversial - Essay Example ontinued to be the common language of England (non-Danelaw) until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when, under the influence of the Anglo-Norman language spoken by the Norman ruling class, it changed into Middle English roughly between 1150-1500. (Stenton, 54) But the central paradox of the Anglo- Saxon migration stays firm within the unavailability of substantial evidences. Till date there are considerable debates as to the extent of Anglo-Saxon migration from the fourth to the sixth centuries. This because we are unable to finds enough evidences regarding this migration and whatever is available proves to be unworthy as a sustainable source to prove within the academic consensus. As a result no single model of Anglo- Saxon migration can be taken into account academically. The initial interpretation of the Anglo- Saxon migration during the fourth to the sixth centuries suggested that the Anglo-Saxon tribes arrived in Britain in large numbers and settled down instantly. This process was instigated by mass genocide and effective displacement of the local communities of the ‘Britons’ (as depicted in Latin Texts) from the eastern and southern parts of the island. It is also believed that a minority of the Romano-British fled to Brittany and Galicia in northern Spain. Probably during the early sixth-century or late fifth century monk Gildas narrated the defeat of the British in the hand of the English and stated that this defeat was the result of a punishment from God in his writing De Excidio Britanniae. (Gildas, 77) A similar narrative appeared in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written in the early eighth century, which drew heavily on Gildas. This era of cataclysm was focussed by later Anglo-Saxon and British (Welsh) documents on the basic differences between the English and the Welsh. But many historians doubt the story - believing many or most Britons survived - but evidence to back up their account has always been hard to find. This is

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches Systems development concepts, issues and approaches and the relationship between technologies and their social context Question 1: Why are conventional approaches to systems design considered to be techno-centric? INTRODUCTION This paper presents a thorough explanation of the various processes related to systems design and to the problems that face the conventional, or traditional, methods according to which computer systems, of all kinds, are designed. The paper will then explain why the traditional approaches of system design are considered to be techno-centric. Before being able to answer the main question of this paper, we should define certain terms in order to clarify all the elements that will be discussed later on. Simmers (2004, p.542-543), states that â€Å"a computer system is an electronic device that can be thought of as a complete information-processing center. It can calculate, store, sort, update, manipulate, sequence, organize, and process data. It also controls logic operations and can rapidly communicate in graphics, numbers, words, and sounds.† Another definition is presented by Avgerou and Cornford (1998, p.1), as they state that information systems â€Å"refer to information and data handling activities in human organizations. Information handling in this sense is a purposeful activity sustained over time, and includes the activities of collecting information, storing it, directing it to appropriate places and people, and utilizing it in various tasks within the organization.† The designer of the system attempts to identify a specific problem within a given environment of work, for example, and creates a set of processes that should be able to resolve that problem according to pre-determined instructions and requirements (Kelkar, 2004). SYSTEM DESIGN A system is supposed to handle a variety of issues related to an organisation and to enable the people whom are considered to be the individuals that deal with those issues to function properly, swiftly, more efficiently, and more accurately. This usually also involves the interaction (inter-connectivity) between all those working in a specific section. The person (or group of people) that are supposed to design the desired system should study and analyse thoroughly the problem sphere, identifying the various elements and factors involved in it, proposing different system options, put them into test (preferably in real working environments), and finally selecting, with the help of the management of the organisation in question, the best solution. Computer systems designers, almost from the very beginning of this field, tended to work exclusively within their technical realm; meaning that they were identifying the problem and creating the solution that, evidently, was successful, but that was only operable and facilitated to themselves and to people of the same technical background. This created a reality which made it, somewhat, hard for average users, who are also supposed to be the end users of today’s computer systems, to deal, interact, let alone produce efficiently using those systems. The main problem in this context, as explained by Doherty King (2005, p.2), is that the designers do not, in most cases, follow most required steps in what concerns the analysis of the impact of utilising the computer solution on the organisation and in what concerns the interaction between the created system and the human factor of that organisation. According to Poulymenakou Holmes, 1996 (in Doherty and King, 2005, p.2), â€Å"the adoption of techno-centric development approaches can be a very dangerous strategy, as it encourages developers to deliver and implement the information system, and only then, if at all, worry about adapting it to its organizational context.† The conventional methodology, which depends solely on creating a computer system that is successful in resolving a given problem and that works from a technical (or computer programmable and configurable) point of view, is considered to be techno-centric because the most important factor in designing the system, which is the human factor, has not be taken into consideration fully by the designer (or the designers) during the implementation of their initial plan of work. Many specialists and researchers keep on calling for a methodology of system design that focuses more on the social aspect of the created tool: â€Å"little progress has been made in the development of practical socio-technical methods and approaches that have succeeded in making the transition from research laboratory to widespread commercial usage† (Doherty King, 2005, p.2). Davidson and Chiasson (2004, p.6) state that the three main stages of information technology are the development, the implementation, and the assimilation. They stress on the fact that all the details that are related to the daily use of the technology may not be seen at the time of planning because the â€Å"attention is focused on overall business goals and implementation strategy.† This makes the period following the installation and the initial implementation highly important as all the social and human related factors must be adjusted and modified to suit the users and the organisation as a whole. There are various examples of systems that were created according to the conventional, techno-centric, approach and that have failed at the time of implementation because the designers lacked the social-oriented element in their design Doherty and King (2005, p.2) mentioned several failed experiences of this kind; cases such as the London Ambulance System, the Taurus System, and the Benefits Payment Card System. Other examples were presented by Davidson and Chiasson (2005, p.6-12) who reported that the electronic medical record systems (EMRS) that were used in two healthcare organisations were also a cause of concern, to a certain extent. The authors confirm that the original systems created for the health organisations needed to be socially modified through the implementation of TUM (Technology Use Mediation) during system development stages and throughout the period in which the systems were in use. â€Å"System configuration required changes to software infrastructure and code. Organizational size influenced the availability and the effectiveness of mediation resources.† Another factor that is involved in the conventional approach is the total underestimation of previously existing systems which is also another characteristic of techno-centric methods of design and system development. Ignoring the ‘old’ systems leads the designer to create something that is totally new to the organisation, and this also excludes the effects, the advantages, and the usability of the previous system. The usability of the system and the ability of people within the organisation to work with it came as a result of a long period of system modifications (whether hardware or software) and of personal training and different processes of errors and corrections; which is what can be considered as the social-related side of system development. All those elements will be totally discarded by the designer during his/her development of the new system, which will result in the new system going through the same stages that the old system passed through, and this is anot her form of time-related and financially-related losses to the organisation. Chae and Poole (2005, p.19) pose an important question: â€Å"Is it possible for a large-scale information system to be developed ‘from scratch’?† Their explanation confirms that: Accounts of system development and the systems development literature often focus primarily on the new system and tend to underemphasize the role of pre-existing systems Few pay much attention to the role of pre-existing information systems in IS [Information Systems] development. To the extent the new system must integrate with pre-existing systems or use existing hardware and software Existing systems have also been regarded as problems or barriers to the development of new IS and as disablers of IS-based organizational innovation and change†¦ This approach, too, tends to treat pre-existing systems as objects, black boxes (e.g. Markus, 1983). Those mentioned above are the most notable points when studying computer design in its conventional method, which is, as can be seen, techno-centric. CONCLUSION Even though conventional approaches of system design have been applied from the beginning of the age of Information Technology, they are still techno-centric. What designers should focus on are those system characteristics that are more operable by the individuals of an organisation; this includes the interface design, the language used within the various parts of the system (those related to both the software and the hardware) Another important point is the adaptability to the organisation that requested the system; the designers should understand fully that various factors that can lead the newly created system to be more social-oriented and to be what the organisation needs. Techno-centric designs can work, but only in technical related fields and sections. Previous systems should be studied carefully before initiating the design plan for new ones; this will enable the designer to understand what characteristics worked previously, what structure are the employees and the managers used to work with, and which tools can be re-used within the new system. Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.27) explain the problem of techno-centric design by stating that â€Å"when introduced into a field, the technical system often needs to be changed to take into account the more holistic requirements that are present in the field, as users need to accommodate the technology in their daily routines.† Reference List Anderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Avgerou, C. and Cornford, T. (1998) Developing Information Systems: Concepts, Issues and Practice, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chae, B. and Scott, M. (2005) The surface of emergence in systems development: agency, institutions, and large-scale information systems, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 19-36. Davidson, E. and Chiasson, M. (2004) ‘Contextual influences on technology use mediation: a comparative analysis of electronic medical record systems’, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 6-18. Doherty, N. and King, M. (2005) From technical to socio-technical change: tackling the human and organizational aspects of systems development projects, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 1-5. Kelkar, S.A. (2004) Structured System Analysis and Design, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Simmers, L. (2004) Introduction to Health Science Technology, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning. Question 2: Are the work systems considered in week 2 readings based on an organisational or activity oriented perspective? INTRODUCTION This paper explains the various modes in which organisations operate in order to achieve their business related objectives. This includes the organisational approach and the activity-related approach. The paper also describes the work systems considered in the readings in order to identify according to which mode they operate, though the understanding of their structure and implementation of the various processes and procedures. To be able to give a comprehensive response to the main question of this paper, we should understand the meaning of each term presented within it; and this will be of great help in the next parts of this paper. As explained by Cope (2006, p.62), â€Å"a work system is a system of people and/or machines which perform a business process. An organisation is normally made up of many work systems. An information system supports and/or structures and/or controls and/or automates the work performed by other work systems† Another source defines a work system by stating that it is â€Å"a complex network of means-ends relations. The basic many-to-many relationships in this network and its loose coupling is the basic source of the need for human intervention in order to remove ambiguity and to control the functional state† (Salvendy Karwowski, 1994, p.69). This means that a work system includes every person and all items or tools that are functioning to perform a certain process required for the continuity, and profitability, of an organisation. ORGANSATIONAL vs. ACTIVITY-ORIENTED As explained by Sachs (1995, p.36-37) there are two perspective methods of performing the various operations and processes of an entity, these are either organisational or activity-oriented. The organisational scheme can be determined and discovered through the evident use of different â€Å"sets of defined tasks and operations such as those described in methods and procedures, which fulfil a set of business functions† The activityoriented method, on the other hand, â€Å"suggests that the range of activities, communication practices, relationships, and coordination it takes to accomplish business functions is complex and continually mediated by workers and managers alike.† As stated by the author, activity-oriented methods allow the employee or worker to improve, learn more, function better, and, ultimately, enhances the way in which the business as a whole functions. â€Å"An activity orientation draws on insights about work practice from several disciplines, includi ng anthropology, history, and psychology, and in so doing provides a holistic approach to the analysis of work.† Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.143-144) agree with Sachs and explain that the method according to which an organisation functions will affect a â€Å"number of fields – including management studies, business administration, information systems development, organizational behaviour, job design, human resource management, training, etc.† and in relation to systems design, the authors confirm that this growing significant view reconceptualises â€Å"the nature of work and organizational life, and the role of information technology support. It emphasizes work practices, and the way learning is accomplished within communities of practice.† They also state that organizational mode is still the major one in the organisations of today; as it is considered to be â€Å"grounded in scientific management ideas, focusing on training, tasks, procedures, workflow and teams† while the activity-oriented method concentrates on â€Å"learning, know-how, networks, conceptual understanding, work practices, judgement, and communities†. The example reported by Sachs for what concerns the organisational perspective is the one of the Trouble Ticketing System (TTS) which is a huge database system that is based on organising work tasks and distributing them on workers. In this case, the tasks performed by workers are only those that are considered by the system, while the activity-oriented method depends on each worker to solve problems from start to end rather than perform single tasks. â€Å"The underlying design assumption in organizational thinking is that technology design should eliminate human error. This differs sharply from the underlying assumption in activity-oriented thinking, which is that technology design should enhance the human capability of finding problems and solving them. Organizational thinking assumes that people create human error. Activity-oriented thinking assumes that people solve problems.† (p.40). In the case of United Parcel Service (UPS), as explained by laudon and Laudon (1995, p.17), we find that it is clearly working according to the organisational method. This is evident as all the structure of work is organised through the use of a centralised system that communicates to drivers the required destinations of various packages, and gathers the delivery information concerning each package and adds it to its main database which can be consulted by anyone through the use of any Internet connected device. Communications between the employees are reduced to the minimum as all work related information can be obtained from the system; this includes the delivery department, the customer service department, the shipment department and management. Even the requests of customers can be done directly through the system as all the required information is provided (shipping rates, shipment routes, times, etc). But on the other hand, there is a side of UPS that can be considered activity-oriented; this can be found in what concerns the sales department and the marketing department; these two functions require a different approach and it is being followed. The focus, when it comes to these two sections of the work process, depends solely on the performance which is not measured through tasks, but through problem solving from start to end. Communication, training, and know-how are essential here. The duty of the departments in question is to identify problems, locate the causes, and come up with successful solution. A clear case of the organisational approach is the one of the company called Electronic Banking System Inc. In this company, every single individual is responsible for a specific task, he/she is being monitored all the time, the production of each individual is checked continuously, conversations between employees/workers are not allowed if not related to task performance, and even looking out the window (which is considered to be nothing more than distraction from work) is not allowed (Horowitz, 1996, p.322). According to this system, any error is digitally monitored and immediately reported. As explained earlier, in a system such as this one, there is no space for improvement, and there is no need for problem solving skills; what each person should do is pre-set and no special talents or know-how qualities are required. CONCLUSION System design in organisational businesses and entities is, to a certain extent, fairly simple; as the tasks are well defined before the designer, the level of the various users’ rights and privileges is evident, and the processes to perform are directly requested by the organisation. Development in the activity oriented environment is difficult as it is needed to separate the situational and the personal elements and the effects each one has on the other during the process of interaction. The designer should be able to identify the required processes and operations through the help of analytical tools (Peiro, 1995, p.284). This means that a social study in what concerns the various functions of the system should performed by the designer in advance in order to enable him/her to produce the required work system. Another important factor for the designer is to be able to comprehend the various policies within the organisation in question in order to reach the desired system which complies with those rules and policies. It is also possible for the designer to offer a possibility of continuous communications, learning, and enhancement through the system even in businesses based on the organisational method. Reference List Cope, C. (2006) Beneath the Surface, Santa Rosa, CA: Informing Science Press. Salvendy, G. and Karwowski, W. (Ed.). (1994) Design of Work and Development of Personnel in Advanced Manufacturing, New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Sachs, P. (1995) Transforming Work: Collaboration, Learning, and Design, Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 38, 9 36-44. Anderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (2005). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 9th edn, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Horowitz, T. (1996) Mr. Edens Profits from Watching His Workers Every Move, in Kling, R. Computerization and Controversy, San Diego: Academic Press, pp.322-325. Peiro, J.M. (1995) Work and Organizational Psychology: European Contributions of the Nineties, East Sussex, Erlbaum (UK) Taylor Francis.

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay -- Reverse Discrimination

Affirmative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, people have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and continues to play a vital and important role in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since it's conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more harmful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had not been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment rate would be much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like any program, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look one's credentials and hires people solely on the color of their skin. It can not be denied however, that Affirmative Action has aided in the struggle to bring about the social inclusion of minorities in the work place and schools. When society begins to misuse the Affirmative Action programs and begins using it as a form of reverse discrimination, then it becomes hard for sates to continue implementing it . These programs where not intended to take job opportunities away from qualified white applicants. If anything, Affirmative Action was meant to be administered by way of the least intrusive means. This program was created to allow minorities to have the same chance to excel in the workforce that the average Caucasian has. I have to admit, I am a strong supporter of Affirmative Action and equ...

Macroeconomics Question Paper

Question 1 . Using a market-clearing model to analyze the demand for haircuts is ______ because the price of a haircut usually changes ______. Answer Selected Answer: unrealistic; infrequently Correct Answer: unrealistic; infrequently . Question 2 . Which of the following is not the correct combination for a U. S. president and an important economic issue of his administration? Answer Selected Answer: President Clinton, inflation Correct Answer: President Clinton, inflation . Question 3 . Macroeconomic models are used to explain how ______ variables influence ______ variables.Answer Selected Answer: exogenous; endogenous Correct Answer: exogenous; endogenous . Question 4 . The total income of everyone in the economy adjusted for the level of prices is called: Answer Selected Answer: real GDP. Correct Answer: real GDP. . Question 5 . A period of falling prices is called: Answer Selected Answer: a recession. Correct Answer: deflation. . Question 6 . The inflation rate is a measure of h ow fast: Answer Selected Answer: prices in the economy are rising. Correct Answer: prices in the economy are rising. . Question 7 . Exogenous variables are:Answer Selected Answer: fixed at the moment they enter the model. Correct Answer: fixed at the moment they enter the model. . Question 8 . In the relationship expressed in functional form, Y = G(K, L), Y stands for real GDP, K stands for the amount of capital in the economy, and L stands for the amount of labor in the economy. In this case G( ): Answer Selected Answer: is the function telling how the variables in the parenthesis determine real GDP. Correct Answer: is the function telling how the variables in the parenthesis determine real GDP. . Question 9 .The inflation rate in the United States averaged about: Answer Selected Answer: zero between 1900 and 1950. Correct Answer: zero between 1900 and 1950. . Question 10 . Endogenous variables are: Answer Selected Answer: determined within the model. Correct Answer: determined wit hin the model. . Question 11 . The best measure of the economic satisfaction of the members of a society is: Answer Selected Answer: real GDP. Correct Answer: real GDP. . Question 12 . In 2010 in the United States, the approximate percentage of GDP that was spent on consumption was: Answer Selected Answer: 7 percent. Correct Answer: 67 percent. . Question 13 . The national income accounts identity, for an open economy, is: Answer Selected Answer: Y = C + I + G + NX. Correct Answer: Y = C + I + G + NX. . Question 14 . If nominal GDP grew by 5 percent and real GDP grew by 3 percent, then the GDP deflator grew by approximately ______ percent. Answer Selected Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 . Question 15 . If the number employed increases while the number unemployed does not change, the unemployment rate: Answer Selected Answer: will not change. Correct Answer: will decrease. . Question 16 .As a percentage of GNP, depreciation (also called the consumption of fixed capital) amounts to approx imately: Answer Selected Answer: 10 percent. Correct Answer: 10 percent. . Question 17 . Prices of items included in the CPI are: Answer Selected Answer: weighted according to quantity of the item purchased by the typical household. Correct Answer: weighted according to quantity of the item purchased by the typical household. . Question 18 . Real GDP means the value of goods and services is measured in ______ prices. Answer Selected Answer: constant Correct Answer: constant . Question 19 .If nominal GDP increased by 5 percent and the GDP deflator increased by 3 percent, then real GDP ______ by ______ percent. Answer Selected Answer: increased; 2 Correct Answer: increased; 2 . Question 20 . Nominal GDP is measured in _____ dollars _____ time. Answer Selected Answer: current; per unit of Correct Answer: current; per unit of . Question 21 . Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 2 Reference: Ref 3-2 (Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 2) The economy begins i n equilibrium at Point E, representing the real interest rate, r1, at which saving, S1, equals desired investment, I1.What will be the new equilibrium combination of real interest rate, saving, and investment if there is a tax law change that makes investment projects less profitable and decreases the demand for investment goods (but does not change the amount of taxes collected in the economy)? Answer Selected Answer: Point C Correct Answer: Point A . Question 22 . National saving refers to: Answer Selected Answer: income minus consumption minus government spending. Correct Answer: income minus consumption minus government spending. . Question 23 .According to the neoclassical theory of distribution, if firms are competitive and subject to constant returns to scale, total income in the economy is distributed: Answer Selected Answer: between the labor and capital used in production, according to their marginal productivities. Correct Answer: between the labor and capital used in pro duction, according to their marginal productivities. . Question 24 . According to the model developed in Chapter 3, when government spending increases but taxes are not raised, interest rates: Answer Selected Answer: increase. Correct Answer: increase. . Question 25 .When there is a fixed supply of loanable funds, an increase in investment demand results in a(n): Answer Selected Answer: higher interest rate. Correct Answer: higher interest rate. . Question 26 . Assume that the production function is Cobb–Douglas with parameter ? = 0. 3. In the neoclassical model, if the labor force increases by 10 percent, then output: Answer Selected Answer: increases by about 7 percent. Correct Answer: increases by about 7 percent. . Question 27 . In the classical model with fixed income, if households want to save more than firms want to invest, then: Answer Selected Answer: he interest rate falls. Correct Answer: the interest rate falls. . Question 28 . Assume that equilibrium GDP (Y) is 5,000. Consumption is given by the equation C = 500 + 0. 6Y. Investment (I) is given by the equation I = 2,000 – 100r, where r is the real interest rate in percent. No government exists. In this case, the equilibrium real interest rate is: Answer Selected Answer: 5 percent. Correct Answer: 5 percent. . Question 29 . In the classical model with fixed income, if the demand for goods and services is greater than the supply, the interest rate will: Answer Selected Answer: increase.Correct Answer: increase. . Question 30 . Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 1 Reference: Ref 3-1 (Exhibit: Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate 1) The economy begins in equilibrium at Point E, representing the real interest rate, r1, at which saving, S1, equals desired investment, I1. What will be the new equilibrium combination of real interest rate, saving, and investment if the government raises taxes, holding other factors constant? Answer Selected Answer: Point B Correct Answe r: Point B . Question 31 . Assume that the consumption function is given by C = 200 + 0. (Y – T), the tax function is given by T = 100 + t1Y, and Y = 50K0. 5L0. 5, where K = 100 and L = 100. If t1 increases from 0. 2 to 0. 25, then consumption decreases by: Answer Selected Answer: 175. Correct Answer: 175. . Question 32 . Assume that the investment function is given by I = 1,000 – 30r, where r is the real rate of interest (in percent). Assume further that the nominal rate of interest is 10 percent and the inflation rate is 2 percent. According to the investment function, investment will be: Answer Selected Answer: 760. Correct Answer: 760. .Saturday, November 10, 2012 12:07:36 PM EST .

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essays

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essays Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay or professional development journals to return and better readings ( Clouder 2000 ) . The method is taken farther by Gillings ( 2000 ) in puting accent on a sincere committedness to self question and a preparedness to alter through honestness and openness. This statement is supported by Atkins ( 2000 ) by finding self-awareness of disposition and strong belief as indispensable to the brooding procedure. Ann is a transferee to the university where she easy became friends with pack groups. One weekend she was invited to come articulation a liquid event on June 28, 2008. After swimming these adolescents decided to imbibe and others took a dosage of marihuana. Ann managed to acquire excessively intoxicated that was left behind with two male childs who promised to take her place. Ann was raped that dark. The activity held outside campus was non led by the academia that legal power and duty is argued. L O G I thought it would be a sweeping instance for it concerned 11 bush leagues of the same campus, holding managed to entree spirits and drugs. I believed there was neglect and unkindness on the portion on all participants of the activity for go forthing a vulnerable miss to the attention of bullish male childs, and passed judgement that this was some fraternity issue. Because I knew of the forensic grounds and research lab consequences, it was hard to allow travel. As I struggled with myself, I discovered the ulterior developments in brooding pattern threshed that persons reach a bound reflecting entirely, unaided ( Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985 ) and that there is more benefit to follow brooding pattern in a group puting or one-to-one forum through supervising ( Fisher 1996 ) . Other articles refer this as a guided contemplation or larning sequence by analyzing 1s feelings that an evolving of thoughts and grasp spills out. Mann ( 2008 ) nowadayss shared contemplation to harvest benefits of continuity, trust, peer support and an chance to reframe. Possible harmful results in spite the purpose to supply self way are besides expressed in other plants 1-busy work, 2-lack of impact, 3-rejection by clients, 4-misplaced assurance, 5-reflection without larning, 6-intellectualizing contemplation, 7-inappropriate revelation. The article points out that shared contemplation is enabled by free look of sentiment when there is a common sensed utility of the activity and prior brooding pattern experience. However the existent implements of shared contemplation could differ as to organisational clime and allotment of clip for contemplation. But with the many work restraints, shared brooding activities was non possible at the minute. I adamantly guided Ann to prosecute a condemnable instance. A ailment against the male child was filed in the tribunal under IS No 08-1777. However, with the jurisprudence protecting bush leagues below 16 in topographic point, the prosecuting officer dismissed all condemnable charges with ground that these male childs are below age of adulthood. It was non long that these childs are back in campus. Inquiries on the incident were in subsequences which the little establishment claiming deficiency of legal power had nil to make and nil more could be done. Cruelly plenty, the male childs taunt Ann in campus that she reports to her male parent who in return assaults one wrongdoer. Ann s male parent is charged for defeated slaying and kid maltreatment on the male child still non proven guilty. L O G I was wholly devastated with the fact violative sexual behavior shall go through without captivity or compunction, seeing that the Torahs that protect kids in struggle a turn. In every bit much as the male childs are exempt from condemnable liability, distinction between incorrect and right and the entree of mistake is non examined. While the province protects these male childs from penalty, the province did non protect Ann. Gillian Ruch ( 2008 ) points out that there is more literature on definitions of brooding pattern, when less idea is given to the conditions to ease its development. Insofar as this tool recognizes complexness andA uncertainness inherent in societal work pattern, there should be more accent on the demand for practicians to work within safe, clear, collaborative and communicative working patterns that are mutualist -in regard brooding pattern. Ann fell into depression ; thinks it was her mistake ( she was excessively intoxicated ) because she allowed the male childs to mistreat her. She caused all the problems ( her male parent beat up one of the male childs who files a kid maltreatment instance against him and the fraternity wanted to revenge ) She inflicts strivings on herself ( wrist slashing ) , ran off from place and seeks safety from mobsters. Smokes, drinks, had some larceny issues and turned promiscuous. L O G I felt responsible in some manner for this behavior and inadequate for non being able to make more. I though hard of ways to develop a positive ego and positive ego image for Ann. I involved excessively profoundly with the household, promoting parents to seek out chances to praise, reinforce, and acknowledge achievements. It consumed me, seeking to acquire Ann to an improved ability to swear others in a developed sense. Models of brooding pattern originate in different Fieldss of survey, typically depict an iterative procedure but are non explicit of the function of emotions. A simple theoretical account of contemplation is to return to the experience and take feelings into history by acknowledgment of emotion, go toing to the feelings and developing a new position ( Boud, Keogh and Walker 1985 ) . Behaviors Ideas Feelingss Returning to see aˆ? Using positive feelings aˆ? Removing blockading feelings Rhenium measuring experience New positions on experience Change in behavior Readiness for application Committedness to action Experience ( s ) Brooding procedures Results Looking at my instance from a critical position, I have prepared a simple log. L O G What was I seeking to accomplish? I wanted severely to assist Ann who was a blue smart, wholly lost in the age of adolescence. Why did I respond as I did? My defeat is coupled with the cognition of several surveies that have shown that every bit age additions in deprived communities, male childs have more autonomy than misss to research outside the place ( e.g. Jones et al. , 2000 ) . And because these deprived communities are less safe, the diminution in a miss s independent activities has crippled the overall growing of society. What were the effects of that for the patient, others, myself? I have given my all to this instance, but have clip and fund restraints with the volume and limited work force of our organisation. Ann was sent to the Center for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, another NGO with structured methods on managing child sexual maltreatment instances. How were others experiencing? I came to run into the members of the kid s household, who struggled through the issues and trouble at manus. On the other portion, the households of these male childs manifested a displaced assurance. How did I cognize this? I kept in changeless communicating with the female parent until a twelvemonth after that I left work. Why did I experience the manner I did within this state of affairs? I knew that I could hold done more. And I believe there is a demand to measure the statute law. Did I act for the best? The changeless weight of work load force per unit area and prioritization is frequently of concern to us as kid protection workers. What cognition did or could hold informed me? Policy developments like these are of import to be placed in the bow to advance better apprehension of the existent degrees of hazard to kids in the assorted signifiers of societal interaction. Does this state of affairs connect with old experiences? Not peculiarly, although true I was drawn into this instance. How could I manage this state of affairs better? I should hold been upfront with the household of the statute laws in topographic point such that the affair would be dealt with outside legal position. What would be the effects of alternate actions for the patient/others/myself? There should hold been a co-ordinated attack, delegating each kid to a societal worker effectually join forcesing findings and remedy for child freak out. How do I now feel about this experience? Anger. I felt consumed by this experience and sore. Can I back up myself and others better as a effect? Yes. I have learned to separate the bounds of my work and the degree of fond regard I can let myself. How available am I to work with patients/families and staff to assist them run into their demands? I extend myself in certain state of affairss that compel or affected me more than the work should. Social work in deprived communities is hefted with several restraints, if non nerve-racking to a practician. A serious quandary is that kid protection and community is peculiarly influenced by poorness and other signifiers of inequality. It can be said that a harsher impact of multinational integrating would be an increased figure of dying people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffective with a shorthanded societal workers group. In these down countries, where the nucleus household unit is continually stressed, abuse easy coughs up. Adolescent sexual maltreatment is an experience relating to a wide spectrum of challenges across societal work development, with self-destruction as the most terrible result where much is lost. Other station injury behavior common are sexual risk-taking and substance abuse, depression, anxiousness, and panic aggression and delinquency. With the intensifying figures on maltreatment, my section puts up response to the WID ( Women in Development ) , WAD ( Women and Development ) and GAD ( Gender and Development ) plans of the Government. It is among five pilot undertakings focused on adult females, kids and household, providing a wide geographical coverage with authorization as Training Center. We use a entire direction attack peculiarly in terrible instances of force. We work closely with webs such as the Anti Child Abuse Network ( ACAN, a national web ) , Gender Equality and Development ( GEAD web in the metropolis of Baguio ) and the Regional Organization of Gender Focal Point ( ROGFP ) . The section six old ages in being is established through British financess. This concluded in 2006 go forthing behind a vacuity in the grip of Family Needs-and-Risk-Assessment of victim subsisters, including other signifiers of aid ( organizing impermanent shelter and place visits ) . My work as a societal worker involves come ining the lives of kids and households in hurt, struggle or problem. To make so requires theoretical competency and ego consciousness. Brooding pattern ensures that my motives and past experiences are used to heighten our pattern and to assist me recognize our impact on others. With it I am besides able to set up boundaries when working with kids that I have become less assumptive, although it does take experience, clip, and accomplishment. Perceptibly, it has reduced my negative experiences as a service supplier. I have the ability to step back and expression at the bigger image we are able to work more efficaciously with a service user. Contemplation ensures assurance that our responses arise from the client s state of affairs instead than our past or demands ( Lishman, 2002 ) . It prompts the rating of pattern and gives manner to chances to larn from experience by placing what worked good and what may necessitate to alter. Brooding pattern helps us to maintain our committedness of uninterrupted professional development and reinforces the importance of the attitude and keeps answerability at the head of our pattern ( Thompson, 2002 ) . A important facet of contemplation is being able to utilize the unfavorable judgment faced and utilize it-that is, turn the state of affairs on its caput, and larn something positive from it. Schon ( 1983 ) has explained, professional cognition is grounded in professional experience. L O G In one clip I consoled the female parent of this immature miss by stating her non to worry because this circumstance will do her stronger and wiser. And she snapped at me in letdown that it was the least of her involvement to derive strength and wisdom at the disbursal of her kid. For long I was in moral struggle over the instance. More so because it was a strong issue in the country of my work and to circles I involved in. Contradictions from involvement groups mounted, many merely for the benefit of group support among others. It was really sad because those injuries from the happening could non be helped. Deep inside me I questioned if we did protect the kid and should be protect a kid who abuses another kid. The contemplation of my interior struggle is drawn in the tree below. Child Protection RA 7610 Anti Child Abuse It was lay waste toing and I was frustrated. Do the most important and influential ethical theories deny the being of natural rights? I should hold been upfront with the household of the statute laws in topographic point such that the affair would be dealt with outside legal position. Action is incorrect because it ignores Ann s rights. In every bit much as the male childs are exempt from condemnable liability, distinction between incorrect and right and the entree of mistake is non examined. While the province protects these male childs from penalty, the province did non protect Ann. Ann fell into depression ; inflicts pain on herself ( wrist cut downing ) , ran off from place and seeks safety from mobsters. Smokes, drinks, had some larceny issues and turned promiscuous. Have I failed to protect and continue public involvement because of a selective indifference to information, apprehension, and cognition that bear on the saving of human values and the solution of jobs? Should policy developments as this of import be examined to promote better apprehension of the existent degrees of hazard to kids in the assorted signifiers of societal interaction? It consumed me, seeking to acquire Ann to an improved ability to swear others in a developed sense. On the other portion, the households of these male childs manifested a displaced assurance. Is policy effectual with the harsher impact of multinational integrating and increased figure of dying people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffective with a shorthanded societal workers group. With all confusion, it was my changeless brooding pattern that held me through. I so took upon myself to prosecute that this tool as a functional procedure to be performed at single degree by members of the squad and in instance conferences. The specific aims include: ( a ) Increased consciousness of RA 7610, Particular Protection of Children against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act and RA 9262, An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children, supplying for Protective Measures for Victims, ordering Punishments hence, and for other intents ; through brooding pattern methods and attacks focused on the household as a basic societal unit, and widening to schools, universities, workplaces and the communities. ( B ) Reporting contemplation after carry oning immediate extended intervention and protection and preventative psycho-social services through proving and intervention, deliberation and guidance. ( degree Celsius ) Shared contemplations on peculiar instances for the containment of terrible conditions that farther endanger lives and state of affairss of victim subsisters, households and communities. ( vitamin D ) Shared contemplation that explores possible functions of victim subsisters and households in the brooding pattern enterprises for community acquisition. ( vitamin E ) To log these activities for the promotion of research methods and farther improvement of plans and services bringing. At this point I thought it utile to reframe the work procedure. Brooding pattern should be cardinal to reframing a procedure flow of intercession in my section. The revised diagram puts frontward the value of duologue after every procedure measure which could alter the troubles experienced through my single history ( Errington, Robertson 1998 ) . It is thought that brooding pattern adopted in a group puting by practicians should be inextricably linked to societal workers scenes. The interaction besides establishes basicss of supervising by the section caput as suggested in the Hagiographas of COT ( 1997 ) , carry oning group brooding pattern supports and promotes professional development and go oning instruction. REFRAMING INTERVENTION CHART Patient with guardian is received by WCPU Social worker Defender is made to finish the consent signifier Trauma intake interview if a patient is conducted, treatment with caretakers, comrades and relations Gathering, distillment and relaying of important information to the clinician before the interview and test Collaboration with hospital staff members on-call Physician and societal worker interview the Guardian/ caretaker Refers patient and household for impermanent shelter, repast, nutrient, fiscal aid from LGU Submits and follows up lab specimen consequences Brooding Practice 1 PATIENT INTAKE Rigorous certification of interviews, hazard appraisal and attention of the subsisters Worker conducts risk appraisal for the kid and household and decides on a program of action that best protects the kid and the household Refers child to a head-shrinker if needed Coordinates and refers client to other bureaus like OSCWD, CPTCSA, PNP and others SW provides advice and crisis guidance 4RISK ASSESSMENT ( Social worker ) The doctor carries out an appropriate forensic interview that is child sensitive, utilizing a developmental attack Social worker listens to interview an transcribes interviews as necessary 2 FORENSIC INTERVIEW The doctor and societal worker buttocks and refer patients who require reding to the head-shrinker Psychiatrist behaviors regular therapy Sessionss for the kid until the kid shows, important betterments in diagnosing 5 PSYCHIATRIC CARE Physician performs non-traumatizing medical scrutiny that adheres legal necessities for grounds aggregation, including colposcopic images Doctor besides examines kid for medical jobs non associated to the maltreatment Physician devises and implements a medical intervention program Helping the doctor in the conducting of the physical scrutiny and assemblage of specimen and other medico-legal groundss Social worker base on ballss and follow-up research lab petition. Refer lab consequences to doctors concerns and informs patient Contact and acquire nutrient from dietary for the patient as needed When necessary, referrals are made for medical services non provided by WCPU 3 MEDICAL EXAMINATION When summoned, WCPU physicians appear in tribunal to supply adept testimony about the findings 6 COURT Testimony Brooding Practice While the work of Gillings ( 2000 ) guides contemplation of feelings to intentionally measure the experience, it is expected that a peculiar state of affairs is adequately analysed and that the development of an action program follows. By reframing the procedure flow, there is better opportunity that a holistic action program evolves each clip shared contemplation takes topographic point and extra information integrated to the instance. This requires that professional development journals ( Clouder 2000 ) go portion of the work flow, where certification of group contemplations preserves the acquisition experience for the mention of future larning groups. Importantly, each group brooding pattern should get down with the apprehension of what the squad is seeking to accomplish. The sensitiveness articulated by Atkins in Burns and Bulman ( 2000 ) , is that there must be commitment and willingness to listen to the positions and penetrations of other practicians. By so, it allows for new p ostulates for practicians to use in the grip of new experiences. In consequence, an single member presents a challenge and has these positions and positions provoked by inquiries of fellow practicians, and portion the procedure taking to appropriate actions. It is an application of the work of Kristina Gower ( 2002 ) that through the procedure of shared contemplation, an avenue is set for the person to concentrate on themselves and what they are coping at work. It is argued in many Hagiographas that shared contemplation when practiced efficaciously and with consistence, enables practicians to be unfastened with each other and capable of trust. I think it is most needed today where globalization has caused upon a alteration in the societal constructions of communities and societal workers are faced with new kinds of challenges. By mere procedure of jotting down ideas in a descriptive mode, unloads the emotions held within. What is more is when it is read, it is an act of distancing from ego, leting one to see if our responses were appropriate to the state of affairs. Shared Reflection Session Adapted from National Primary and Care Trust Development Programme 2008 Show your challenge, penetration, issue, or inquiry Set members question you constructively to dispute positions and apprehension, perceptual experiences, and premises New penetrations, understanding or thoughts Test actions in the workplace Draw decisions and grade acquisitions. Integrate the new cognition into the pattern Bring consequences back to put. What worked? What did non? Why? Each clip group contemplation is carried out, a new interaction or signifier of contemplation occurs, or single contemplation is deepened. The chart below depicts continues growing expected of duologues amongst practicians. Proper recording of the analyses, struggle and interaction must be ensured for future growing of the section. By and big, globalisation altered the traditional functions in society that sense of community is difficult to come by. The greater impact nevertheless falls on less developed states where near household ties have touchable effects on income beginnings, every bit personal growing. While conventional theory avers household as the cardinal societal establishment, it is opposed by the altering times. The present phenomenon sees the household unit split on a monolithic graduated table taking to less safer communities for the kid. Because it is so, brooding pattern intertwines with the pattern of societal work. Interactions in delicate affairs of household, and in state of affairss of uncomfortableness, it is indispensable that societal workers maintain brooding pattern to unearth penetrations every bit much as for the involvement of self saving in pressing issues by changeless ego consciousness. While pattern is located within the ancient tradition of experiential acquisition and in the late defined position of located knowledge, both return us to the basic comprehension that non all jobs are of equal dimensions. What is more is non the range or dimensions of the job but the significance of the job to the kid we work with ( Osterman, 1993 ) . This is reinforced in the manuscript Changing Lives reappraisal of societal work by Peter Lewis, where it relates the emphasized demand for more brooding pattern. Appointed manager of kids s services at Haringey, a first response was to direct off societal work staff on brooding pattern classs at the Tavistock Clinic ( Cooper, 2010 ) . Of class, a immense obstruction to reflective pattern and clearly widespread in England comes with the fastening budgets, even when surveies have increasing shown the relevancy of brooding pattern as an indispensable portion of societal work determination devising. That is the sheer volume of the work and its impact, as a societal worker, one is stressed and overwhelmed that is likely to excessively place with a kid at work or with the parents. As a consequence it becomes hard to keep objectiveness and stand back. Kim Poupart ( 2010 ) relents that Peoples get stirred up by kid protection work. For illustration, if person is forced to look at slides of maltreatment it is painful for them to see. Unless they can reflect about how disquieted and angry they feel they will be unable to pull off their feelings in relation to the work and determinations they need to do. The survey elaborates on the of import elements of reflective pattern which allows for a deeper apprehension of: ( 1 ) The function emotion plays in decision-making, ( 2 ) Patterns happening the grounds for gut feelings, ( 3 ) Confirmation prejudices or reluctance to abandon a pre-formed sentiment, ( 4 ) Attribution mistake on imputing behavior to personality traits instead than the context, and ( 5 ) Hindsight mistake. While brooding pattern in societal work can non be disguised, acceptance on personal properties should be upheld. These personal properties lending to the flawlessness of brooding pattern are: values, perceptual experience of the universe, self-perception, emotional position and interaction with the external environment ( Maree C, 2010 ) . The ascertained accomplishments taking toward such competences are developed at early parts of the profession. Course course of studies have incorporated cognitive-structural theories, human development theories, and thorough survey of postmodern Hagiographas on brooding patterns in group and separately. Neil and Sue Thompson ( 2009 ) suggest that At the bosom of brooding pattern is the thought that our actions should be informed by a cognition base that we engage with actively. In which instance responses are non by modus operandi or by wont but instead through sincere and considerate apprehension of the state of affairs faced, therefore guarant ing the practician sees beneath the surface of things. In decision, brooding pattern contributes to professional development and in a mode rather hard to mensurate. Particularly in my instance, it was the beginning of great strength with the several hard determinations and challenges unearthed in kid protection work. I could candidly state that this instance was a moral challenge since it compelled implementing a jurisprudence that I do non believe is wholly good. Similarly, we run the hazard of reenforcing bing inequalities and potentially oppressive procedures in the absence of proper contemplation and brooding pattern. In some organisations, this is seen to come in the manner of work, particularly to traditional foremans who think that adding procedures is an consequence of non holding adequate work to make. Through brooding pattern I come to appreciate All things equal, I strongly believe that it there are good picks and better results for kids when contemplation is performed. I see things otherwise.